1. M.S COLLEGE OF ARTS ,SCIENCE ,COMMERCE AND BMS
Metabolites in plants
F.Y BSC
SEM -I

2. Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Despite the extremely varied characteristics of living organisms, the pathways for generally modifying and synthesizing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are essentially the same in all organisms, apart from minor variations.
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Bacteria
These processes demonstrate the fundamental unity of all living matter, and are collectively described as primary metabolism, with the compounds involved in the pathways being termed primary metabolites...i.e. CHM411 stuff 

3. Primary Metabolites Necessary for basic survival of an organism
Used for energy and tissue construction
Includes most carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some vitamins & cofactors

4. Secondary Metabolites
Are assembled from (pieces of) primary metabolites
Are plentiful and diverse in plant-based foods
May be more prevalent or unique to certain genus, species, and similar compounds occur within genuses and families
Often have vital functions in the source
attractants for propagation of species
defense against predators
signaling
May have useful nutritional benefits to humans/other organisms
The genes and enzymes guiding biosynthesis vary from one organism to the next.

5. Origins of secondary metabolites
Four major pathways to assembly of C skeleton:
acetate
shikimate
mevalonate (all organisms)
DXP (plants, microbes)   
Key precursors:
Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
 shikimate pathway
Acetyl CoA  acetate or mevalonate pathways
N from amino acids  alkaloids

6. Building blocks (Fig. 2.2) C1 – methyl groups
C2 – 2 carbon units from acetate pathway
C5 – isoprene
C6C3 - phenylpropanoid
C6C2N – precursor to indole
C4N & C5N – heterocyclic amines

7. C1: any molecule
C2: Fatty acids
Long chains on most
molecules
Polyketides
Some aromatic rings
C5: Isoprenoids
chains & nonarom.
rings
C6C3:
Phenylpropanoids

8. C1 comes from SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)
SAM can attach a methyl group to just about anything
Methyls may be attached to C atoms on chains, rings,
attached to oxygen (methoxy),
attached to nitrogen (N-methyl)

9. Building blocks (Fig. 2.2) C1 – methyl groups
C2 – 2 carbon units from acetate pathway
C5 – isoprene
C6C3 - phenylpropanoid
C6C2N – precursor to indole
C4N & C5N – heterocyclic amines

10. (nitrogen-containing natural products)
Origins of alkaloids
(nitrogen-containing natural products)
pyrrolidine
piperidine

11. Identify the building blocks
Most secondary metabolites are assembled from pieces coming from more than one biosynthetic pathway
Can you figure out what the building blocks are in each structure?
Analysis of building blocks helps us understand how the compound was made, what were the precursors?

12. b-carotene
linolenic acid
resveratrol
a-bisabolene

13. Reference
binarydoc/3959.pptx

14. Thank You