1. Chapter 5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics:
After the heat dissipation from the brake system to the ambient is complete.

2. Directional Phenomena

3. Directional Phenomena

4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics

5. Heat Engines Higher temperature body Lower temperature body
QH: Heat transfer from a higher temperature body
QL: Heat transfer to a lower temperature body
Lower temperature body

6. Refrigerator or heat pump
Higher temperature body
Lower temperature body

7. Refrigerator or heat pump

8. Statements of the Second Law

9. Statements of the Second Law

10. Statements of the Second Law

11. Statements of the Second Law

12.   Reversible Processes

13.   Reversible Processes
The small weights may be put back one at a time and the state would return back to the initial state without causing any changes in the system or surroundings.

14. Irreversible Processes
The compression work is higher than the expansion work, which results in an amount of heat discharged into the surroundings.

15. Irreversible Processes

16.   The Carnot Cycle

17.   The Carnot Cycle

18.   The Carnot Cycle
Thermal efficiency:

19. The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

20. The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

21. The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
numerical

22. The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

23. Carnot Cycle Efficiency

24.   Temperature Scales

25.   Temperature Scales
Normal boiling water temperature at atmosphere: