1. Intubation and anatomy of airway and Anesthesia apparatus
Tasneem Al-Abbadi

2. Objectives: 1. The anatomical structures seen in region of intubation
2. Different classifications of airway structures
3. The technique of tracheal intubation
4.Assessment of patients airway including Test
5. Laryngoscopes and type of blades
6. Tracheal tubes: size and types of tubes Shape of tube and specialized tubes
7. the laryngeal mask
8. Other apparatus including oro- and nasopharyngeal airways.
9. Potential complications of intubation

3. Different classifications of airway structures
ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
Anatomically into upper and lower tract in relation to vocal cord:
Upper: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and mainstem bronchi.
Lower: bronchioles , terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles , alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.
Or according to its function into conducting zone and respiratory zone
Conducting zone :
Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles , terminal bronchioles
Function: filter, warm and moisten air and conduct air to and from the respiratory zone
Respiratory zone :
Respiratory bronchioles , alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Function : gas exchange

5. pharynx
fibromuscular structure that extends from the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage at the entrance to the esophagus.
3 part??
It opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity, the mouth, the larynx, and the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, respectively.

6. At the base of the tongue, the epiglottis functionally
separates the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx).
epiglottis prevents aspiration by covering the glottis—the opening of the larynx during swallowing

7. LARYNX cartilaginous skeleton held together by ligaments and muscle
Located below the tongue and hyoid bone, between the great vessels of neck.
Level of C4-C6
44mm in males and 36mm in females*
9 cartilages of larynx
Thyroid
Cricoid
2 arytenoid
2 corniculate
2 cuneiform
Epiglottis

9. Muscles of the larynx
The muscles of the larynx can be divided into two groups; the external muscles and the internal muscles. The external muscles act to elevate or depress the larynx during swallowing. In contrast, the internal muscles act to move the individual components of the larynx – playing a vital role in breathing and phonation
The intrinsic muscles are divided into respiratory and the phonatory muscles (the muscles of phonation). The respiratory muscles move the vocal cords apart and serve breathing. The phonatory muscles move the vocal cords together and serve the production of voice. The extrinsic, passing between the larynx and parts around; and intrinsic, confined entirely. The main respiratory muscles are the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles why?

10. INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF LARYNX

11. EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF LARYNX
Sternothyroid muscles depress the larynx.
Omohyoid muscles depress the larynx.
Sternohyoid muscles depress the larynx.
Inferior constrictor muscles
Thyrohyoid muscles elevates the larynx.
Digastric elevates the larynx.
Stylohyoid elevates the larynx.
Mylohyoid elevates the larynx.
Geniohyoid elevates the larynx.
Hyoglossus elevates the larynx.
Genioglossus elevates the larynx

12. INNERVATION OF LARYNX SENSORY (mucosa) MOTOR
Above the vocal cords by the internal laryngeal br of the superior laryngeal br of vagus
Below the vocal cords by the recurrent laryngeal N.
MOTOR
All intrinsic ms of larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal N except the cricothyroid ms ( by external laryngeal branch)

14. TRACHEA A cartilaginous and membranous tube
Begins as a continuation of the larynx at the lower border of cricoid cartilage at the level of C6, and terminates at the carina, at the level of T5.
Adults – cm long and cm in diameter
Infants – 4-5 cm long and may be as small as 3mm in diameter
Kept patent by the presence of C-shaped cartilaginous rings

16. AIRWAY ASSESSMENT
A preanesthetic airway assessment is mandatory before every anesthetic procedure.
The goal of evaluating a patient's airway is to identify any possible problems with maintaining, protecting, and providing a patent airway during anesthesia.

17. Assessment of patients airway including 1-2-3-Test
to assess several factors that may affect decisions concerning the patient’s airway management.
‘1-2-3’ test components:
1.TMJ mobility
2.Mouth opening
3.Thyromental distance

20. temporomandibular joint (TMJ) mobility
First rule:
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) mobility
To identify any restricted mobility of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Ask the patient to sit up with his head in the neutral position
open his mouth as wide as possible.
-The condyle should rotate forward freely such that the space created between the tragus of the ear and the mandibular condyle is approximately one fingerbreadth in width.

22. Second rule : 1.Ask the patient to open his mouth as wide as he can.
Mouth Opening(insicor distance) and tongue protrusion
1.Ask the patient to open his mouth as wide as he can.
The aperture of the patient's mouth should admit at least 2 fingers (3cm) between his teeth, on the other hand, It will be difficult to insert the laryngoscope blade on less than 2 fingers.
Don’t forget to look for any missing or dentally worked teeth (Caps, bridges …. Why?)

23. PUP TOP 2. Ask the patient to protrude his tongue maximally.
The structures visualized should
include:
The pharyngeal arches.
Uvula.
Soft palate.
Hard palate.
Tonsillar beds.
Posterior pharyngeal wall.
PUP TOP

24. Mallampati Classificatin
In intubation we care only when the tongue and soft
palate are seen. (Mallampati 3&4)

25. Third rule : The thyromental distance
This is the distance between the mentum (chin) and the superior thyroid notch.
A distance greater than 3 fingerbreadths is desirable, adults who have less than 3 fingerbreadths may have either an anterior larynx or a small mandible, which will make intubation difficult.