1. Cells Please Read - Chapter One Anatomy and Physiology - Louise Tucker
TUTOR – Gail Lowe
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2. The cell The smallest most basic unit of matter.
Cells
The cell The smallest most basic unit of matter.
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3. Smallest particle of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
Cells
Atoms
Smallest particle of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
Cannot be seen even under microscopes.
Chemical elements
Molecules
Smallest part of chemical compound: 
Hydrogen, oxygen etc
Made up of one or more atoms held together
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4. Cell membrane Fine porous membrane made of protein threads and lipids
Cells
Cell membrane
Fine porous membrane made of protein threads and lipids
Two functions
Keeps the cytoplasm, organelles and nucleus in the cell
Semi permeable which allows the passing of some substances in and out of the cell
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5. 4. Dissolution (passive)
Cells
Diffusion (passive)
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
2. Osmosis (passive)
Water
3. Filtration (passive)
Water (soluble)
Urine in the kidneys
4. Dissolution (passive)
Fatty substances dissolve into fatty lipid of cell membrane
5. Active Transport (active)
Glucose and amino acids
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6. Cells
6. Phagocytosis
Process which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles.
7. Pinocytosis
Cellular process permits transport of fluid from outside cell membrane in surrounding tissues into the cell.
i.e interstitial fluid
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7. Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Cell Membrane
Cells
Generalised Cell
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
Centrosome
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
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8. Cell contents Cytoplasm is cell protoplasm
Cells
Cell contents
Cytoplasm
is cell protoplasm
colourless jelly like fluid, 70 – 90% water
Fills the cell from membrane to nucleus
Contains
Organic and inorganic salts
Carbohydrates (glucose)
Lipids (fats)
Amino acids (proteins)
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9. Mitochondria Sausage shaped Powerhouse Chemical reactions ADP ATP
Cells
Mitochondria
Sausage shaped
Powerhouse
Chemical reactions
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
(mighty chondria)
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10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Circulation and movement
Sacs and canals
Rough and smooth reticulum
Ribosomes attach to the rough reticulum ER
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11. Ribosomes Protein Factory Growth and repair Granules composed of
Cells
Ribosomes
Protein Factory
Growth and repair
Granules composed of
RNA - Ribonucleic acid
Produce protein
Attach to the rough ER
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12. Lysosomes Produce digestive enzymes Breaks down dangerous
Cells
Lysosomes
Produce digestive
enzymes
Breaks down dangerous
materials that enter the cell
+ Bacteria
+ Worn out organelles
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13. Vacuoles Storage and transport of Waste Vacant spaces, dustbins
Cells
Vacuoles
Storage and transport of Waste
Vacant spaces, dustbins
Empty sacs that store ingested waste prior to excretion from the cell
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14. Golgi Apparatus Protein process
Cells
Golgi Apparatus
Protein process
Flattened sacs that receive protein from the Ribosomes of the ER.
Proteins are modified and released by the CM
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15. Centrosomes and Centrioles
Cells
Centrosomes and Centrioles
Centrosomes house centrioles
Centrioles are rod like structures
Cell reproduction
Mitosis
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16. Nucleus Control centre Nucleoplasm
Cells
Nucleus
Control centre
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin needed for chromosome production
Chromosomes
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
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17. Chromosomes Composed of DNA DNA carries genetic blueprint
Cells
Chromosomes
Composed of DNA
DNA carries genetic blueprint
Number of chromosomes depicts our species
Human cells contain
46 (23 from either parent)
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18. Nucleolus Ribosome production Small structure Made of RNA Cells
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19. Mitosis Cell division Asexual reproduction
Cells
Mitosis
Cell division
Asexual reproduction
replaces old and injured cells
Mitosis - two new cells - same number of chromosomes as the parent
Chromosome replicates
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20. Chromatids and Centromere
Cells
Chromatids and Centromere
Chromatids – chromosome replicates into two identical chromatids
Centromere central part of the chromosome which joins the two chromatids together
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21. Mitosis Four Phases PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE Cells
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22. Telophase 2 new identical daughter cells are formed Cells
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