1. Hormones and….more hormones
Endocrine System
Hormones and….more hormones

2. Review Terms
Homeostasis*
Target cells
Receptor

3. Glands Endocrine glands  hormones secreted into extracellular fluid
Exocrine glands  secrete into a duct for transport/release onto surface of body
Hormones have prolonged, longer-lasting effects on the body
Secretion is regulated by negative feedback

5. Pituitary Gland Aka Hypophysis Divided into 2 lobes
Attaches to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum
Anterior lobe - produces
Posterior lobe - stores/releases
Hormones implicated**
MSH (pars intermedia)
TSH LH
FSH GH
Prolactin
ACTH
*ADH (pars nervosa)
*Oxytocin (pars nervosa)

7. Thyroid Gland Directly inferior to thyroid cartilage
Cellular metabolism / calcium homeostasis
Produces different families of peptide hormones:
Thymulin
Thymosins
Thymopoietins
Hormones implicated**
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin – decreases blood calcium levels
Isthmus

9. Parathyroid Glands Posterior surface of thyroid gland
Composed of parathyroid cells and oxyphil cells
Hormones implicated**
PTH  increases calcium in the blood

10. https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/12/3/433/5057645

11. Thymus Glands Hormones produced responsible for immune system
Gland is larger and more active when you are younger
Divided into two lobes  each subdivided into smaller lobules
Outer layer: cortex / central: medulla
Medulla contains cluster of thymic corpsucles (Hassall’s corpsucles) surrounded by lymphocytes
Hormones implicated**
Tymosin  maturing of the immune system

13. Adrenal Gland Above the kidneys
Separated into cortex and medulla, just like thymus
Cortex divided into “zones”
Zona glomerulosa (outermost)
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

15. Hormones implicated**
- Mineralcorticoids (ZG) - regulate electrolyte
Aldosterone (tells kidneys to reabsorb Na+)
- Glucocorticoids (ZF) – fighting stress, increases glucose
Cortisol/Corticosterone
- Androgens (ZR)
Male sex hormones

16. Pancreas Performs both exocrine / endocrine functions
Pancreatic acini  Exocrine  digestive enzymes/buffers
Pancreatic islets  Endocrine  hormones that regulate blood sugar
Alpha
Beta
Delta F
Hormones implicated**
Glucagon (alpha cells)  raises blood sugar concentrations
Insulin (beta cells)  glucose uptake by cells

18. Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes