1. Air Quality Management in Mumbai
V.K.Phatak
MMRDA

2. What is Air Pollution?
High School Science taught us that air is composed of Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water Vapour. However in typical urban environment, air has other substances which in excess of certain proportions could be harmful to human health, vegetation or built properties. This could be called air pollution.

3. Common Air Pollutants
US EPA identified Criteria Pollutants based on their health impacts. These are
Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate
Matter, Carbon Monoxide and Ozone.
In addition VOCs are listed as common air pollutant causing smog.
EPA prescribes Primary Standards to protect health and Secondary Standards prevent environmental & property damage.

4. Effects of Air Pollutants

5. Effects of Air Pollutants

6. Sources of Air Pollution
SO2 : Burning of fuel, Industrial Processes
Nox : Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil etc, Vehicle exhaust, Power Stations
SPM : Burning of fuel, Vehicle exhaust, Industrial sources, burning of Refuge, re-suspension of dust
CO : Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil etc.
Lead : Leaded gasoline, paint, smelters, Manufacturing of Lead storage batteries
Ozone: Chemical reaction of pollutants, VOCs and Nox in the presence of heat and sunlight.
VOCs: Released from burning fuel (including Natural Gas), solvents, paints, glues. Cars are important source of VOCs

7. National Standards for Air Pollution

8. EPA Standards for Air Pollution

9. Situation in Mumbai

10. Air Pollution Trends in Mumbai

11. Seasonal Variation of Air Pollution in Mumbai

12. Geographical Variations
Locations/ (Land Use)
SO2 (g/m3)
NOx (g/m3)
SPM (g/m3)
Year
Worli (C) 23
30.26
22.16 35
34.3
31.25
270
218
186.1
Khar (C/R ) 13
20.87
16.16 48
36.35
69.25
280
306
290
Andheri (I/C) 17
26.33 29
41.48
39.33
219
230.8
Borivali (R) 6
9.09
6.91 37
22.22
13.91
252
243
154.8
Tilaknagar (C) -
35.41
22.58
46.21
38.75
341
282.2
Maravali (I) 16
27.47 49
64.66
356
424
388

13. Ambient Air Quality at Traffic Intersections

14. OBSERVATIONS ON TREND Sulphur Dioxide
Levels are well within limits mainly due to use of low sulphur fuel by industries and low sulphur Diesel by vehicles
Nitrogen Oxide
Levels are well within limits. However increasing trend in last two years may be due to increase in number of vehicles.
Lead
Emitted mainly from leaded gasoline used in vehicles. However at present only unleaded gasoline is used in Mumbai
SPM
Exceeds all over Mumbai and shows increasing trend. All studies have recommended Action plan for reduction of SPM especially PM 10.

15. OBSERVATIONS ON TREND Carbon Monoxide
Levels are high near Traffic Junctions. Traffic Police and Pedestrians near Traffic junctions are affected. CO easily gets converted to CO2.
Seasonal Variations
Pollution levels markedly rise in Winter. This can be mainly attributed to adverse meteorological conditions prevailing in Winter – low wind speeds, likely pockets of inversion.

16. Ozone
The ground level Ozone is the result of chemical reaction between Oxides of Nitrogen and Volatile organic Compounds in presence of heat and sunlight. Given the fact such situation exists in Mumbai, monitoring ozone seems to deserve attention. though ozone is not being monitored at present.
( Ozone at higher level is useful as it obstructs the ultra-violet rays, but Ozone at ground level is harmful)

17. Pollution Load in Mumbai
Sources Percent Load
Domestic
Industrial &
commercial
Transport

18. Policies to be Pursued

19. MAIN ISSUES SPM and particularly PM 10 is the main pollutant.
Transport / Auto Emissions -- Main cause and source of SPM - PM10
Impact on ambient air quality depends upon traffic congestion, sub optimal speeds, land use and built form along roads

20. Vehicular Emissions Engine Design Alternate Fuel
-- Four - stroke engines / Euro I & II engines
-- Catalytic Converters/ Oxidation catalyst
Cleaner Fuels
-- Unleaded Fuel
-- Low Sulphur Diesel
Alternate Fuel
-- Use of CNG / LPG
Inspection & Maintenance and Certification of Vehicles

21. Minimize Private Vehicle Use
Improve Public Transport
Expanding road network to reduce trip lengths e.g. East – West Links
Demand Management -- to reduce auto use in congested areas – parking fees, cordon pricing, area licensing etc.
Improve Pedestrian and NMT Facilities
Land use Planning to reduce need for long travels

23. Air Quality and Impact Monitoring
Ambient Air Quality monitoring & dissemination
Emission Inventory
Surface and upper level Meteorological measurements
Personal Exposure Assessment
Health Assessment of Air Pollution in Mumbai

24. Preparation of Particulate Matter Reduction Action Plan for Greater Mumbai
Objective of the study is to:
Develop and adopt cost-effective strategy for reducing ambient levels of SPM and PM10
Develop an Action Plan that targets at immediate reduction of PM10
Prepare feasibility studies for the priority actions, in the urban transport sector that could be financed by MUTP.

25. Thank you