1. GM-CSF is required for CA-MSC–induced tumor metastasis.
GM-CSF is required for CA-MSC–induced tumor metastasis. Pancreatic cancer cells transduced with a luciferase-expressing lentivirus were orthotopically injected alone or with CA-MSCs expressing control or GM-CSF shRNA-2 into the pancreatic tail of NOD/SCID mice (n = 5 per group). A, representative bioluminescent images of animals in each group are shown 3 weeks after injection depicting tumor burden. B, bioluminescent-based tumor growth from tumor cells alone or in combination with CA-MSCs expressing control or GM-CSF shRNA. Pooled results of the average tumor size ± SEM from each group. C, percentage of mice with metastasis in each group is indicated (n = 5 per group; *, P < 0.05 vs. tumor alone).
Meghna Waghray et al. Cancer Discov 2016;6:
©2016 by American Association for Cancer Research