1. Konsta Ruokosuo Aitor Ossa
ELEC-E Smart Grid Role of DR, storages and hydrogen in future energy systems
Konsta Ruokosuo
Aitor Ossa

2. Introduction Demand Response (DR) Storage Hydrogen
The current energy system is not sustainable, important problems such as resource scarcity or undesired emissions
Need for new energy systems, from production to consumption through transmission and distribution → New challenges to the system
Possible solutions?
Demand Response (DR)
Storage
Hydrogen

3. Demand Response
In order to maintain a constant frequency within an electricity grid, production and consumption of electricity must be equal at all times
Demand response provides the ability to manage the variability of power supply provided by intermittent sources such as solar and wind
Demand response is favorable to storage, because it requires minimal technical components, relying mainly on intelligent communication and automation

4. Demand Response
Thermal loads such as heating, cooling, refrigerators/freezers are highly suitable for demand response, as they are not time specific and account for a large share of residential loads
In future buildings, electrical appliances will be capable of automatically managing their operation based on information provided by the electricity grid or by the related marketplaces
Future energy systems will incorporate electricity markets in which demand response can be offered as a service

5. Storage
Electrical storages can be used for a wide variety of tasks related to power quality and energy management
Mechanical electrical storages such as pumped hydro and compressed air are capable of providing large capacities of storage over extended periods, and currently account for roughly 99 % of total storage capacity
Electrochemical storages have received massive amounts of investments and interest, as they are considered to have enormous potential

6. Storage
Currently battery storages struggle with issues related to cost and lifetime expectancy
In future energy systems, battery storages would provide ancillary services, in which their technical capabilities are best utilized
The sustainability of battery technologies relies on the efficient manufacturing and recycling/disposal of batteries
Utilizing batteries used in for example EV’s would mitigate many of its drawbacks

7. Hydrogen
Increased variable renewable energy and deep decarbonisation targets, together with emissions reductions, are drivers for hydrogen
Emergence of hydrogen mainly within the transport sector
- Mostly for passenger transport
- May be competitor to bioenergy
Some use in industry, residential sector and stationary fuel cell applications, but potential use for 2030

8. Hydrogen
Hydrogen is capable of delivering emission reduction in various sectors and important in integrated complex energy systems for deep decarbonisation scenarios
The synergy between hydrogen and bioenergy may be interesting as demand for bioenergy increases
Complementary use of hydrogen and electricity in energy vectors as well as hydrogen and battery in transport sectors seem to be promising

9. Conclusions
Automating flexible consumption loads will allow larger shares of variable electricity production to be integrated into the grid
Electrical storages are capable of providing a variety of tasks in the electricity grid, but due to their high cost are likely to be reserved for those most economically viable
Hydrogen has most potential for the transport sector, and mainly as a complementary energy source for other uses
Need for further technological and infrastructure development especially for hydrogen, but as well for storage and DR

10. Final solution?
No one of the options alone will provide a final solution, but a strategic combination may be part of a better energy system

11. Source material used
Emma S. Hanley, JP Deane, BP Ó Gallachóir. The role of hydrogen in low carbon energy futures–A review of existing perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, Volume 82, Part 3, Pages
J. Andrews, B. Shabani. Where does the hydrogen fit in a sustainable energy economy? Procedia Engineering. 2012, Volume 49, Pages
Chen, H. & Cong, T.N. & Yang, W. Tan, C. & Li, Y. & Ding, Y Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review. Progress in Natural Science, vol. 19:3. Pages ISSN
International Electrochemical Commision Electrical Energy Storage: White Paper. Available at:
Lund, P. Lindgren, J. Mikkola, J. Salpakari, J Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity. Renewable and Sustain-able Energy Reviews. Vol. 45. pages ISSN
Kännö, J A short-term price forecast model for the Nordic electricity markets.