1. Separation techniques
Extraction
Fractionation of crude extracts

2. Extraction
the process used for separation of the medicinally active portion of the plant or animal tissue from inactive or inert components by using selective solvents

3. Extraction: separation of medically active potions from inactive ones in plants&aminals tissues)
Plant preparation:sample selection,authentication,method of extract.,solvent selection
Solubility :it measures the affinity of mol. of the solute over their affinity to each other.
Non polar solvents for non polar compounds and vice versa

4. Order of increasing polarity of solvents:
Cyclohexane >carbon tetrachloride > benzene >ether >chloroform > acetone >ethyl acetate >ethanol >methanol >water >acids and bases

5. Extraction Maceration Percolation Digestion Infusion Decoction
Continuous hot extraction (soxhlet)
Supercritical fluid extraction(advantages,solvents)
Distillation
Thermo-microdistillation

9. Advantages of supercritical fluids (carbon dioxide) :
1-available& inexpensive
2-chemically inert
3-non inflammable
4-non toxic
5-easy to elimnate
6-low critical temp.
7-re usable , eco friendly

10. Advantage of supercritical fluid extraction
1-extracts are very close in composition to natural products
2-selectivity and viscosity are highly controlled by temp and pressure changes
3-absence of hydrolyss or rearrangement in products

11. Fractionation of crude extracts
Solvent-solvent ppt
Liquid-liquid extraction(multiple&single)
Counter current extraction
Droplet counter current technique
Liquid/liquid acid base technique
Acellular products(exudate,expression,etc.)

12. Single or multiple contact

15. Separation and isolation of individual plant constituents
Sublimation
Fractional distillation
Fractional liberation
Fractional crystallization
chromatography

16. Identification of plant constituents
Homogenity and purity tests:TLC,PC
Class of compound det.:colour tests,Rf,UV
Identification within the class: mp,optical rotation,MS,UV,etc…
Confirmation of identity authentic &data comparison,synthesis,etc…

17. Quantitative determination
Gravimetrically….calculated as%of dry wt
Titrimetrically…acid base(alk.)
Spectrophotometrically ex.colourimtric
Biologically..ex cardiac glycoides
Chromatographically….