1. Period One
5% of the test

2. The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat
Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species
Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role
5000 years ago—agricultural revolution
Crops included maize, squash, and beans
Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

3. Similarities Differences
Similarities and Differences between Native Americans and English Settlers
Similarities
Differences
Lived in village communities
Strong sense of spirituality
Divided labor by gender
Depended on agricultural economies
Did not share the concept of private property
Native American children part of Mother’s clan

4. Test Tip Cultural regions
Describe how geographic conditions influenced culture prior to arrival of Europeans

5. Columbian Exchange animals, foods, people move between three regions
Europe, America, Africa
Disease also spreads killing millions of Native Americans

6. Encomienda System
Allowed Spain to gain control and seize ownership of Indian lands
Enslaved Native-Americans
Christianize Native-Americans
First to bring Africans to replace Native Americans

7. Pueblo Revolt Spanish disrupted the Pueblo’s traditional culture
Forcing them into encomiendas
Pope, Pueblo leader led a revolt
Killed hundreds of Spaniards and destroyed their buildings and fields
When Pope died the Spanish returned
But did not try to eliminate Pueblo culture

8. Test Tip
Period 1 generates a predictable set of multiple choice questions focusing on the following:
Geographic conditions
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
Characteristics of the encomienda system
Pueblo Revolt