1. NOTES: 2-3 Carbon Compounds
Today:
The Chemistry of Carbon
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates

2. The Chemistry of Carbon Why is Carbon so Special?
Carbon has 4 Valence Electrons
Can make four bonds
Can bond with many elements like
H,O,P,S,N
Can form HUGE chains or even rings
Carbon to Carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple

4. Macromolecules Macro: “giant molecules”
Macromolecules are made from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules called monomers
Polymerization: The process of joining many monomers together to form a large complex polymer

5. Polymerization Monomers: smaller units Dimer: Made up of 2 monomers
Monomers can be alike or different
Dimer: Made up of 2 monomers
Polymers: made up of many monomers
Poly means MANY!!!!
Polymerization

6. Carbohydrates Compounds made up of C, H and O atoms
Usually in a ratio of 1:2:1 ex: C6H12O6

7. Function of Carbohydrates
MAIN function of Carbohydrates
Used by living things as a main source of energy
Breakdown of carbohydrates supplies immediate energy for the cell

8. Other Functions of Carbohydrates
Short term energy storage
Animals produce a complex carbohydrate called glycogen in the liver to store energy
Plants produce starch
Structural Purposes
Cell wall of plants are made out of
a complex carbohydrate called cellulose

9. Other Functions of Carbohydrates
Cell Identification
Carbohydrates on the surface of cells help your body to figure out what is part of you, and who is an intruder!

10. How to Build a Carbohydrate
“Saccharide” means sugar
monosaccharide: Monomer of a Carbohydrate
Examples: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Disaccharides: Sugars composed of 2 monosaccharides
Example: Sucrose (Table sugar) = Glucose and Fructose
Polysaccharides: Complex Carbohydrates=polymers
Examples:
Cellulose—the structural material in plants
Glycogen (Animal starch)—stores extra sugar in animals
Plant starch—store extra sugar in plants
Chitin—the exoskeleton of some animals

11. Glucose (monosaccharide) Sucrose (Disaccharide)
Starch (Polysaccharide)

12. How can you recognize a sugar by looking at its name?
Galactose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, cellulose
-ose

13. Carbohydrates summary
Monomer: Monosacharides
Major Function: Immediate Energy
Other Functions
Short term energy storage (glycogen and starch)
Structural purposes (plants and shell fish)
Cell Identification