1. What is a Theory

2. Hypothesis
Is an educated guess based on observations, which has not been proven.
Most hypotheses can be supported or disproven by experimentation or continued observation.
If a hypothesis is supported by evidence it may become a theory.

3. Theory
An explanation of how things work based on all the available information gathered from numerous observations by many scientists.
One scientist cannot create a theory; he/she can only create a hypothesis.
Is accepted by a majority of scientists.

4. We use our five senses to make observations about the world around us.

5. Mystery Box
Made observations Created a hypothesis Tested your hypothesis Made more observations Adjusted your hypothesis

6. In science, theories are developed through the scientific method

8. Plate Tectonic Theory

9. Evolution Theory

10. The Particle Theory of Matter

11. Important Vocabulary Theory Hypothesis Scientific method Robert Brown
Brownian motion
Matter
Particles
Molecules
Mass
Volume
Atoms
Elements
Periodic Table of Elements
States of matter
Heating
Cooling
Melting
Evaporation
Condensation
Freezing
Sublimation
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Heat/ Temperature
Thermometer
Heat Conduction

12. In 1827 Robert Brown spread pollen grains on motionless water, these grains began to move around. Scientists suggested that invisible water particles bump the pollen grains.
This finding is called Brownian motion and led to the development of the Particle Theory of Matter.

13. Particle Theory of Matter
1. Matter (substances) is made up of tiny particles (molecules and atoms).
2. Particles of matter are in constant motion.
3. Particles of matter are held together by very strong electric forces.
4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves.
5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances
6. Temperature affects the speed of the particles.  The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of the particles.

14. Matter Is anything that has mass (on earth mass is the same as weight)
and volume (amount of space something takes up)

15. Everything we are able to touch is made of matter

16. Some types of matter are invisible
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

17. Particles
Matter is made of particles which are called atoms and molecules.
We know of many different kinds of particles.

18. How do we know this?

19. Long ago people believed that everything was made of earth, water, wind, and fire....

20. We now know that matter is made of many different atoms
We now know that there are many unique particles
that are the building blocks for all matter.

21. Atoms and Molecules
All matter is made of particles that are called molecules and atoms.
Molecules are formed when two or more atoms join together.
Atoms are spheres of energy that are constantly in motion.
Atoms are extremely small, you would need 300 billion billion atoms to make one drop of water.

24. Atoms make up elements
Same kinds of atoms make up elements. Some elements you already know:
There are many others ...

25. Elements
Elements are pure substances (matter) that contain only one type of atom.
Each element has a symbol. For example: oxygen is represented by an O.
These elements are organized on the Periodic Table of Elements, and their symbols are listed.

27. Matter Particles Atoms and Molecules Atoms make up Elements Is made of
are
Atoms and
Molecules
are clumps of
Atoms
make up
Elements

28. States of matter
Matter exists in three forms called states. They are solids, liquids and gasses.

29. Solids
Particles of solids are held in place by strong forces and are packed closely together.
Particles of solids vibrate constantly due to their internal energy but they cannot move from one place to another. 

30. Liquids
Particles of liquids are kept together by forces that are weaker than those of solid particles. 
They can move from place to place bumping into other particles.
Liquids have the ability to flow, to be poured, and to spread when spilled. 

31. Gases Particles of gases are held together by very weak forces.
The spaces between them are much larger than the spaces between solid and liquid particles.
Particles of gases can move  from  place to place bumping against other particles. They rotate and vibrate at the same time.   

34. Effects of heating and cooling on the volume of liquids, solids and gasses.

35. Heating
When heated particles gain energy, they move more quickly, and further apart.
As a result, particles take up more space, and the substance expands. (These particles do not change shape.)
Particles that are able to break free from the forces holding them together change state.

36. Cooling As particles cool, they loose energy.
Particles slow down and move closer together.
(These particles do not change shape.)
Particles take up less space, and the substance contracts. 
If enough cooling occurs, particles change state.

38. Expansion Joint

42. State
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Shape
fixed
same as container
Volume
definite
indefinite
Ability to flow no
yes
Volume change with heating and cooling
small
intermediate
large

43. Changes of State
1. Melting: when particles of a solid move apart to become a liquid.
2. Evaporation : when particles of a liquid move apart to become a gas.
3. Condensation : when particles of a gas come closer together to form a liquid.
4. Freezing: when particles of a liquid come closer together to form a solid.
5. Sublimation: when particles of a solid move apart to become a gas without first becoming a liquid. Sublimation also refers to the reverse process when gas becomes a solid.