1. Rejecting the Principles of Liberalism
Social 30-1

2. Why might governments choose to reject the principles of liberalism in some cases?
Between 2002 – 2008, over 70,000 US soldiers were issued stop-loss orders where their term of service is involuntary extended for up to 15 months. Must governments adhere to the principles of liberalism in times of conflict?
In 2008, Canada warned soldiers to not share information on sites such as Facebook . Is this a justifiable imposition of secrecy or is it unwarranted censorship?
Is it possible to reconcile the rights of smokers and non-smokers? Should the government favour one side? On what grounds?

3. Crisis Situations
The adherence to the principles of liberalism is often tested in democracies during times of crisis’.
During times of war, emergency, and environmental crisis, liberal democracies have restricted movement, controlled access to information and limited peoples' rights and freedoms.
Often these restrictions are
not universally applied

4. War Measures Act First passed in 1914 Only invoked 3 times
WWI
WWII
October Crisis, 1970
Gave the federal cabinet emergency powers where the existence of war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended, existed.
Cabinet could govern by decree rather than discussion and debate.
Justification of the Act’s use
Necessary for the overall good of society
Justified due to the threat or severe nature of the situation
Essential to protect, retain, or secure other principles of liberalism

5. WWI and Enemy Aliens
Canada (and Newfoundland), as part of the British Empire, were at war with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (including part of the Ukraine).
Under the War Measures Act, immigrants from these countries were considered enemy aliens. All aliens :
had to register and carry government issued ID cards at all times.
Were not permitted to read anything not in English or French
Could not leave the country
Could not posses firearms
Banned from joining any group the government deemed dangerous.
Several thousand enemy aliens were deported or sent to internment camps.
Their property was confiscated and often was not returned
Camps closed in 1920, two years after the war ended.
At that time, no apology or compensation was offered.

7. Castle Mountain Ukrainian Internment Camp

8. Commemoration of the Castle Mountain Internment Camp in Banff National Park - the statue is entitled, simply, Why?

9. Roll-call at the Castle Mountain, Alberta internment camp, 1915.

10. Internees in the courtyard of the Fort Henry internment camp, Kingston, Ontario.

11. The Huns Band, Kapuskasing.

12. WWII and Japanese Internment
Nearly 23,000 Japanese-Canadians, mostly native-born Canadians , were placed in internment camps in 1942.
RCMP dismissed fears of disloyalty, clandestine actions, and sabotage as groundless but strong anti- Japanese sentiment caused the government to undertake relocation.

13. WWII and Japanese Internment
160km zone along Pacific coast was declared a “protected area”.
All persons of Japanese origin were told to pack a single suitcase each.
Every male was separated from his family and sent to a work camp.
Women and children were sent to interior of B.C.
Government seized and sold their property. No compensation was given.

14. WWII and Japanese Internment
At the end of the war, the government decided to remove all Japanese from B.C.
4000 left the country, most moved East. They could not return to B.C until 1949.
In 1988, PM Brian Mulroney publicly acknowledged unjust actions and awards $21,000 for each individual directly wronged.

15. Internment camp, June 1945

16. A road crew of interned men building the Yellowhead Highway.

17. A Royal Canadian Navy officer questions Japanese-Canadian fishermen while confiscating their boat.

18. Women and children inside shack

19. October Crisis, 1970
People’s History
16:3
1960s were a period of change, true also in Quebec
Quiet Revolution
Rapid secularization of society, province took control of education and health care from the Catholic Church.
Also lead to surge in Quebec nationalism, aimed to enhance opportunities for francophones in Quebec.
FLQ – Front de liberation du Quebec
Felt pace of change was to slow. Supported terrorism

20. October Crisis, 1970
1960s
Series of bombings and armed robberies
Largest, Montreal Stock Exchange, 27 injured
Oct, 1970 –
FLQ abducted James Cross, British trade commissioner
Kidnapper Pierre Laporte, a Quebec cabinet minister.
Army sent to protect politicians
War Measures Act invoke
About 500 arrested without warrants and held for up to 90 days.

21. Emergencies Act, 1988
Replaced War Measures Act to be harmonized with Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Defines Emergency Situations
Natural catastrophe
Disease in humans, animals, or plants
Accident or pollution
Limits the powers of government
All measures are subject to approval of Parliament
Must specify which parts of Canada apply
Must take rights into consideration (Reasonable limits)
Compensation a must to anyone suffering injury or damage as a result of the Act.

22. USA PATRIOT ACT Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001
Goals are to strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers of law-enforcement agencies to identify and stop terrorists.
See handout

23. Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act
Similar to PATRIOT Act
Expired February 2007
Voices pg

24. Canada’s No-Fly List
A list of people who potentially pose a threat to aviation security therefore are barred from flying.
Less than 1000 names? USA has over 44,000.
Maher Arar’s case showed fault in system