1. Modern World History Unit 6
Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and their effect on European Ideology

2. Scientific Revolution
A)Mid 1500s
Observations of the real world (made through exploration) disproved the teachings of ancient and religious authorities
Scientific community starts to question geocentric theory and other traditional thoughts about the natural world
General population supports this theory into the 16th century

3. Scientific Revolution
Essential Knowledge
In what ways was the Scientific Revolution based on the work of ancient philosophers?
Stop

4. Scientific Revolution
B) Astronomy
Scientific Revolution starts with the study of the stars and planets
People (Copernicus) developed the heliocentric theory in the early 1500s
Did not publish his findings until just before his death for fear of punishment

5. Scientific Revolution
B) Astronomy 2. People (Johannes Kepler) confirmed heliocentric theory using mathematics in the early 1600s

6. Scientific Revolution
B) Astronomy
2. People (Galileo)
Created a telescope to study moon, stars, and planets
Supported heliocentric theory
Charged with heresy and tried in an inquisition
Spent remainder of his life under house arrest

8. Scientific Revolution
B) Astronomy
3. Scientific Method
Evolved as a method of observing and questioning the natural environment
Scientists used it to develop new theories about the natural world

9. Scientific Revolution
C) Reaction of the Church
New scientific findings contradicted the Church’s teachings
Challenges to the church weakened its power and control over people
This happened the same time as the Protestant Reformation which also challenges power of the Catholic Church

10. Scientific Revolution
C) Reaction of the Church
Church officials feared the people would start to doubt key elements of the faith
To discourage challenges and maintain control the church held inquisitions and excommunicated heretics

12. Scientific Revolution Essential Knowledge
EXIT SLIP
1)How did the Reformation contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
2)How did these new scientific advancements change the way people thought about the world during the 16th Century?
STOP

13. Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment/Reason
Cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe and America
Purpose was to reform society and improve knowledge
New ways of thinking in science and political and social thought

14. Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment/Reason
Was based on the ideas advanced during the Scientific Revolution
Promoted the importance of the individual person

15. Enlightenment B) Politics
Political theorists (French philosophes) wrote about systems of government
Many believed the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the rights of the people
Tried to influence rulers

16. Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes
Political writings supported absolute monarchies or strong governments
A social contract requires people to give up their rights to government in exchange for order and security

17. Enlightenment John Locke
All people have the right to life, liberty, and property (natural rights)
The purpose of government was to protect those rights
If government fails to protect those rights, people have a right to overthrow it
This idea inspired the American and French Revolutions

18. Enlightenment Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau
promoted tolerance, reason, freedom
of religious belief, and freedom of
speech
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
stated a legitimate government came
from the consent of the governed

19. Enlightenment Montesquieu Cesare Beccaria emphasized the need for
separation of powers and checks
and balances which became the
basis for the United States Constitution
Cesare Beccaria
argued against capital punishment
and torture and for the right to a
speedy trial

20. State of Nature
The state of nature is a concept in moral and political philosophy used in religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence. There must have been a time before organized societies existed, and this presumption raises questions such as: "What was life like before civil society?"; "How did government first emerge from such a starting position?," and; "What are the hypothetical reasons for entering a state of society by establishing a Nation-state?".

21. Enlightenment Enlightened Despots
Some rulers made reforms based on enlightenment values but were unwilling to give up much political power
Frederick the Great allowed religious freedom, improved schools, reformed the justice system but did not end serfdom

22. STOP Enlightenment Essential Knowledge
Explain the impact the Enlightenment had on changing the political structure of Europe (absolute monarchs vs. enlightened despots).
STOP

23. Constitutionalism Existing political Systems
Monarchy power was derived through divine right of kings
A theocracy’s power was derived from a set of religious beliefs
Dictatorship power was derived from the will of one person or group of people and their ideology (not necessarily the will of the people)

24. Constitutionalism Developed in opposition to other forms of government
Constitutionalism-- Idea that government does not gain power from itself, but through a set of written laws that give the established government certain powers

25. Constitutionalism Power of government is limited
Government officials cannot act against their own constitution
Constitutional law is the highest body of law in the land which all citizens including the government are subject
Many gov’ts are constitutional today

26. STOP Constitutionalism Essential Knowledge
How is a constitutional government different from a monarchy?
STOP

27. Social Equality Social Equality
Enlightenment ideas sparked moves for social equality
Concept that all members of society should have equal treatment, opportunity, and access to resources

28. Social Equality
Different groups have interpreted the role of government in social equality (European liberal approach)
Politically all people deserve equal rights and treatment

29. Social Equality Socialist Approach
Proposes a society (or gov’t) should specifically direct its resources toward promoting equality of wealth
Argue that wealth confers power, and without addressing income inequalities there can be no social equality

30. Social Equality Socialist Approach
Others argue that social equality may not always be possible, but societies can find a way to minimize inequality

31. STOP Social Equality Essential Knowledge
Explain the concept of social equality that developed during the Enlightenment.
STOP

32. Nationalism
Nationalism is the belief that people with a common ethnic ancestry, shared language, culture, history, and religion have the right to a state of their own (to be ruled by their own people, on their own land)
Nation-states are countries made up of these groups of people

33. Nationalism
A sense of nationalism combined with inspiration from the Enlightenment inspired the American Revolution
Nationalist revolutions across Europe in the 1800s were largely unsuccessful (led to the breakdown of empires in the 1900s/World War I)