1. Chapter 16
Solutions

2. Complete: Solute Solvent Observation NaCl (Ionic) Water (polar)
Soluble
Styrofoam
Water
Insoluble
(Non polar)
(polar)
NaCl
Gasoline
Insoluble
(Ionic)
(Non polar)
Styrofoam
Gasoline
Soluble
(Non polar)
(Non polar)
Water
(polar)
Oil
(Non polar)
Immiscible
Vinegar
Cooking oil
Immiscible
(polar)
(Non polar)
Water
Alcohol
Miscible
(polar)
(polar)

3. Conclusion: “Likes dissolve likes”

4. Solutions Solute is the dissolved substance - seems to “disappear”.
- “takes on the state” of the solvent.
Solvent is the substance solute dissolves in
- does not appear to change state.
when both solute and solvent have the same state, the solvent is the component present in the highest percentage.
solutions in which the solvent is water are called aqueous solutions.

5. Solubility:
When one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent) it is said to be soluble:
When one substance does not dissolve in another it is said to be insoluble.
When the solute & solvent have the same state (both are liquids or solids or gases) we use the terms:
Miscible or immiscible.

6. Salt Dissolving in Water
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 13

7. Solubility: The maximum amount of solute that
can be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent is called solubility.
Examples:
Solubility of NaCl at 25°C: 36 g NaCl/100 g water.
Solubility of CaCO3 at 25°C: close to zero.

8. Types of Solutions: Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated
solutions have the maximum
amount of solute that will dissolve
in that solvent at that temperature.
solutions can dissolve more
solute.
solutions are holding more solute than they should be able to at that temperature (they are unstable).

9. Adding Solute to various Solutions
unsaturated
saturated
supersaturated

10. Data (Preparing saturated solutions):
Temp. (oC)
Solute (g)
Graphing:

11. Each point on the line represents a saturated solution
Data (Preparing saturated solutions):
Temp. (oC)
Solute (g)
Graphing:
Each point on the line represents a saturated solution

12. Data (Preparing saturated solutions): Temp. (oC) 20 40 60 80 100
Solute (g)
Graphing:
saturated
Concentrated solution D
supersaturated A C B
unsaturated
Diluted solution E

13. Solubility and Temperature:
The solubility of the solute in the solvent depends on
the temperature:
Higher temperature
higher solubility
(solids in liquids).

14. Solubility and Temperature:
Lower temperature
higher solubility
(gas in liquid)

15. Factors that affect solubility:
1)Temperature:
In general solubility increases as
the temperature does.
Because the water molecules have higher kinetic energy & their collisions with the solute are more frequent & forceful.
2) Surface area:
If the surface area increases
(grinding the solid) the solubility
increases too.
Because a greater surface area is exposed to the colliding water molecules.

16. Factors that affect solubility:
3) Agitation:
(stir, shake)
It increases the rate of solution.
Because it brings fresh solvent (water) into contact with the solute.
4) Pressure:
The greater the pressure, the greater the solubility (gases).
Smaller volume, collisions between the solute & solvent particles are more frequent.