1. European statebuilding

2. Essential questions
How did absolutism contribute to civil unrest?

3. Spain Philip II becomes king of Spain and Netherlands
Also inherits colonies in New World
Spain gains wealth through imports from Americas
Gold, silver, etc
Philip is devout Catholic=Spain is Catholic nation
Reconquista: drive Muslims from Spain
Spanish Armada is strongest navy in the world
Defeated when it tries to fight England and Netherlands
The more silver in the market, the less it is worth
By expelling Muslims and Jews, Spain loses many artisans
Calvinists in the Netherlands revolt
Become independent under Treaty of Westphalia

4. absolutism
Absolute monarchy: king or queen holding all power within state boundaries, control all aspects of society
Divine right: God created the monarchy, the monarch acts as God’s representative on Earth
Causes for increasing power to monarchs
Decline of feudalism
Rise of cities
Growth of national kingdoms
Growing middle class (relies on king)
Church authority breaks down

5. france Huguenots St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
Gives up protestantism, becomes Catholic
Edict of Nantes: Huguenots can live in peace, set up own houses of worship, religious toleration
Uses peace, finances to rebuild France
Cardinal Richelieu
Rules France for Louis XIII
Leader of French Catholic church, rules on morals
Moves against Huguenots, weakens nobles power, attacks Hapsburgs of Holy Roman Empire (Thirty-Years War)

6. France Louis XIV “I am the state”
At first shared rule with Cardinal Mazarin
Mazarin hated by people for increasing taxes, lead to revolts
Louis weakens power of nobles
Spends abundance of money to be best in France
“The Sun King”
Listens to requests of people while getting dressed
Houses nobles in his palace at Versailles
Tries to expand boundaries of France
War of Spanish Succession

7. Thirty years war Lutherans vs. Calvinists vs. Catholics
German Lutherans fight Spanish Catholics and Dutch Calvinists
Peace of Westphalia
Swiss Confederacy
Dutch states
Ruler decides what religion is practiced in his state

8. russia Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great
Fights for power against landowning nobles called boyars
Crowns himself czar/tsar (caesar)
Rules by terror
Succeeded by Michael Romanov
Peter the Great
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Absolute ruler
“Westernizes” Russia
St. Petersburg

9. england James I rules after Elizabeth I (her cousin)
Angers Parliament over finances
Charles I takes over after James’ death
Asks for war money from Parliament who refuses; he dissolves Parliament
Parliament issues Petition of Right, Charles agrees but ignores
No imprisonment without due cause
No taxes without Parliamentary consent
No quartering of troops
No martial law in peace
To go around Parliament, he taxes citizens
Leads to English Civil War

10. england Oliver Cromwell Charles II James II
Victory in English Civil War
Becomes ruler of England, not a king; later becomes dictator
Rules as a Puritan (no dancing, drinking, theater, etc)
Charles II
Takes over after Cromwell’s death
Improves England, gives more rights to common people
James II
Catholic king in Protestant nation
Army brought to England by William and Mary (Neth), James flees (known as Glorious Revolution)

11. england William and Mary Recognizes Parliament as partner in governing
Constitutional Monarchy: laws limit ruler’s power
Bill of Rights
No suspending laws of Parliament
No levying taxes without permission from Parliament
Freedom of Speech
Cabinet: group of government ministers to are go-between between Parliament and monarchs