1. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY Presented by- Ms. Mariya Oliver
Associate professor
College of Nursing Kishtwar

2. INTROSPECTION METHOD

3. INTROSPECTION METHOD
Introspection in defined as the process of directly examining one’s own conscious mental states and processes or an examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.
Introduced by EB Titchener
Also known as self-observation method

4. Stages of Introspection
a) During the observation of an external object, the person beings to think over his own mental state. b) The person begins to question the working of his own mind c) He tries to frame the laws and conditions of mental processes.

5. Characteristics of introspection
a) The subject gets direct, immediate and intuitive knowledge about the mind.
b) The subject has actually to observe his own mental processes. He cannot speculate about them.

6. Advantages of introspection
Cheap.
Economical.
Can be used anytime, anywhere.
Easiest methods available.
Gives first – hand information.
It helps in the development of methods like observation and experimentation.

7. Disadvantages of introspection
The state of one’s mental processes is continuously changing.
Data collected cannot be verified.
Data is highly subjective.
Cannot be used on children, animals and persons suffering form mental disorders.

8. OBSERVATION METHOD

9. OBSERVATION METHOD
Observation method is defined as human or mechanical observation of what people actually do or what events take place during a buying or consumption situation.
Observation is the objective method of studying the behaviour of individuals.

10. STEPS OF OBSERVATION
a) Observation of behaviour. b) Noting of behaviour. c) Interpretation and analysis of behaviour. d) Generalization.

11. TYPES OF OBSERVATION Covert observation. Overt observation.
Controlled observation.
Natural observation.
Participant observation.
Non – participant observation.

12. Advantages of Observation
Economical, natural and flexible.
Data can be analyzed, measured, classified and interpreted.
Data can be verified and is reliable.
Useful in observing developmental characteristics.
Can be used on animals, children, mentally ill and unconscious patients.

13. Disadvantages of observation
Problems of the past cannot be studied.
Equipments required can be costly.
Requires more time, energy and money.
Lacks repeatability.
Cannot study opinions and attitudes.

14. Interview Method

15. Interview Method
Interview method is defined as a close face to face conversation or a dialogue between the investigator or interviewer and interviewee.
It is a process of social interaction between interviewer and interviewee.
Interview is a verbal communication or two way conversation between two persons to get information’s about a problematic situation.

16. Types of Interview Structured / Formal Interview
Unstructured / Informal Interview
Focussed Interview
Clinical Interview
Non – directive Interview

17. Advantages of Interview
More personal in nature.
Have more validity and reliability.
Can gather in depth information.
Unstructured interview is more flexible and adaptive.

18. Disadvantages of Interview
Very expensive
Require certain skills
Confidential information may get misused
Relatively time consuming
Interviewer bias
Training of field staff is complex

19. Experimental Method

20. Experimental Method
The word “experiment” comes from a Latin word meaning “To try” or “To put to test.” In psychology, experimental study is used to study the cause – and – effect relationship regarding the nature of human behaviour (eg: the effect of anxiety on behaviour.)

21. Essential Features

22. Steps of Experimental Method
Stating the problem
Formulation of hypothesis
Find out the independent and dependent variable.
Arranging the environment
Analysis of the results
Summarize and conclude

24. Advantages of Experimental Method
It follows scientific principles.
Replication and repetition can be done.
Finds out cause and effect relationship.
Data is reliable and verifiable.

25. Disadvantages of Experimental Method
All problems of psychology can not be studied.
Costly.
Time consuming
Fails to study behaviour in natural conditions
Experiments may harm the subjects.

26. Clinical or Case History Method.
Clinical or Case History Method

27. Clinical or Case History Method
Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Case studies provide rich qualitative data and have high levels of ecological validity. It aims at studying the cause and basis of people’s anxieties, fears and personal maladjustments.

28. Components of Case Study
Patient profile
Chief complaints
Present history (psychiatric, medical and surgical)
Past history (psychiatric, medical and surgical)
Family history
Nutritional history
Personal history
Socio – economic history

29. Goals of case study method
Patient assessment
To perform various tests
To provide proper treatment
Identify the cause and basis of patient’s illness

30. Advantages Disadvantages Find out the actual cause of illness
Acts as a baseline data
Useful for further investigation
Helps understand patient better
Disadvantages
Conditions may not permit proper history collection
Patient may not be cooperative.

31. Genetic or Developmental Method

32. Genetic or Developmental Method
Most of our behaviours are the result of earlier experiences. In some cases when we need to understand some behaviour we need to know their developmental aspects also.
The two ways of study are:
Cross – sectional study
Longitudinal study

33. Advantages Disadvantages
Helps assess genetic or hereditary influences on behaviour.
Helps in treatment.
Helps identify the associated problems.
Disadvantages
Time consuming.
Needs good research basis.

34. Survey Method

35. Survey Method
This is used to gather the information from large number of people. This method is usually used to gather information about political opinion, customers’ preferences, etc. Also used to to know the information pertaining to medical profession—like awareness about diseases and remedial programmes, malnutrition, opinions about health needs, health facilities available, etc.

36. Tools & Methods used in Survey
Questionnaires
Checklists
Rating scales
Inventories
By post
Face – to – face
By telephone
Videophone
Through the internet

37. Advantages Disadvantages Easy to administer Less time consuming
Cost effective
Data collected from large group at a time
Broad range of data can be collected
Disadvantages
Respondents may not give honest answers
Poor reliability and validity

38. Comparative Method

39. Comparative Method
In comparative method, the study of similarities and differences in behavioural organization among living beings, from bacteria to plants to humans.
In comparative study, any two subjects or aspects of an individual are compared and studied to understand human behaviour

40. Advantages Disadvantages
Humans are similar to other species in some aspects.
Can study problems with ethical problems
Disadvantages
Human differ from other species in some aspects
Conducting experiments on animals is also ethically wrong

41. Statistical Method

42. Statistical Method
This method is used in the analysis of collected data to make an interpretation. This helps to make a generalization and take information from a smaller group to a larger group. It is the application of formulas, theorems, numbers and laws to psychology

43. Psychoanalytic Method

44. Psychoanalytic Method
Founded by Sigmund Freud
The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious.