1. Programming Fundamental-1
Instructor Name: Dr. Muhammad Safyan
Lecture-5

2. Lecture Outline
Decision Statement 2

3. Control Structures
A computer can process a program in one of three ways:
in sequence;
selectively, by making a choice, which is also called a branch;
or repetitively, by executing a statement over and over, using a structure called a loop. 3

4. In Sequence

5. Branching(Decision)

6. Decision Making
Every programming language provide structure for decision making
General Format is
if ( condition )
Statement (or group of statements)
If the condition is true statement will be executed.
If the condition is false statement or group of statement will be skipped.
If Ali’s height is greater then 6 feet
Then
Ali can become a member of the Basket Ball team
In every day life, we are often making decisions. We perform different tasks while
taking decisions. For example, the statement ‘if the milk shop is open, bring one liter
of milk while returning home from college’, involves this phenomenon.
In this statement, there is an element of decision making. We bring one litre of milk if
the shop is open. And if the shop is closed, we come back to home without milk.
Thus we are making a decision on the condition that the shop is open. The decision-
making process is everywhere in our daily life. We see that the college gives
admission to a student if he has the required percentage in his previous examination
and/or in the entry test. Similarly administration of a basketball team of the college
e than six f decides that the students having height mor
eam t 6

7. If Statement in C If (condition) statement ; If ( condition ) {: }
In every day life, we are often making decisions. We perform different tasks while
taking decisions. For example, the statement ‘if the milk shop is open, bring one liter
of milk while returning home from college’, involves this phenomenon.
In this statement, there is an element of decision making. We bring one litre of milk if
the shop is open. And if the shop is closed, we come back to home without milk.
Thus we are making a decision on the condition that the shop is open. The decision-
making process is everywhere in our daily life. We see that the college gives
admission to a student if he has the required percentage in his previous examination
and/or in the entry test. Similarly administration of a basketball team of the college
e than six f decides that the students having height mor
eam t 7

8. cout<<“Student 1 is older than student 2” ;
If Statement in C
if (age1 > age2)
cout<<“Student 1 is older than student 2” ;
In every day life, we are often making decisions. We perform different tasks while
taking decisions. For example, the statement ‘if the milk shop is open, bring one liter
of milk while returning home from college’, involves this phenomenon.
In this statement, there is an element of decision making. We bring one litre of milk if
the shop is open. And if the shop is closed, we come back to home without milk.
Thus we are making a decision on the condition that the shop is open. The decision-
making process is everywhere in our daily life. We see that the college gives
admission to a student if he has the required percentage in his previous examination
and/or in the entry test. Similarly administration of a basketball team of the college
e than six f decides that the students having height mor
eam t 8

9. Relational Operators
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater 9

10. Relational Operators
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater 10

11. Example using namespace std; #include<iostream>
#include <conio.h>
main() {
int AmirAge, AmaraAge;
AmirAge = 0;
AmaraAge = 0;
cout<<"Please enter Amir’s age";
cin >> AmirAge;
cout<<"Please enter Amara’s age";
cin >> AmaraAge;
if (AmirAge > AmaraAge)
cout << "\n"<< "Amir age is greater then Amara\'s age" ; }
getch();
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater 11

12. Example
For char values, whether an expression using relational operators evaluates to true or false depends on ASCII value.
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater 12

13. Flow Chart Symbols Start or stop Process Flow line Continuation mark
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater
Continuation mark
Decision 13

14. Flow Chart for if statement
Entry point for IF block IF
Condition
Then
Process
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater
Exit point for IF block 14

15. if-else if (condition) { statement ; - } else 15
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater 15

16. if-else Entry point for IF-Else block Exit point for IF block IF
Condition
Then
Process 1
Else
Process 2
Exit point for IF block
Note indentation from left to right

17. Example Code if (AmirAge > AmaraAge) {
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ; }
if (AmirAge < AmaraAge)
cout<< “Amir is younger than Amara” ;

18. Example Code if AmirAge > AmaraAge) {
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ; }
else
cout<<“Amir is younger than Amara” ;

19. Flow Chart

20. Sample Program 2
A shopkeeper announces a package for customers that he will give 10 % discount on all bills and if a bill amount is greater than 5000 then a discount of 15 %. Write a C ++ program which takes amount of the bill from user and calculates the payable amount by applying the above discount criteria and display it on the screen.

21. Sample Program 2 include <iostream.h> ain ( ) { dou a amo t
netPaya
discount = 0 ;
// pr
cout << "Please enter the amount of the bill " ;
cin >> amount ;
//test the conditions and calculate net payable
if ( amount > 5000 )
//calculate amount at 15 % discount
discount = amount * (15.0 / 100);
netPayable = amount - discount;
cout << "The discount at the rate 15 % is Rupees " << discount << endl;
cout << "The payable amount is Rupees " << netPayable ; }
else
// calculate amount at 10 % discount
discount = amount * (10.0 / 100);
cout << "The discount at the rate 10 % is Rupees " << discount << endl ;
The complete program code is given below:
/* This program calculates the discount p w
# includ

22. Put him on the chess team
Example
If the student age is greater than 18 and his height is greater than five feet then put him on the foot ball team
Else
Put him on the chess team
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater 22

23. Logical Operator (Binary Operator)
Complex condition can be handled with logical operator
Logical AND(&&)
Logical OR(||)
These are binary operators and take two operands.
logical expressions as operands, which return TRUE or FALSE
if ((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks)) {
cout << “ Welcome to GC University”; }

24. Logical Operator (Unary Operator)
!true = false
!false = true
if ( ! (age > 18 ))
cout << “ The age is less than 18”;

25. if(age > 18 || height > 5)
Logical Operators
If a is greater than b
AND c is greater than d
In C++
if(a > b && c> d)
if(age > 18 || height > 5)
Find the two number are equal or which one is greater 25

26. Logical Operators with if Condition
An applicant are invited on the basis of following two conditions:
4 or more years of college, AND
2 years experience programming in Java OR a grade point average greater than 3.5.
A good answer might be:
if ( college >= 4 && ( experience >= 2 || gpa > 3.5 ) )
Cout<<"Interview applicant";
else
Cout<<"Send resume to circular file.";
include <iostream.h>
ain ( ) {
dou a
amo t
netPaya
discount = 0 ;
// pr
cout << "Please enter the amount of the bill " ;
cin >> amount ;
//test the conditions and calculate net payable
if ( amount > 5000 )
//calculate amount at 15 % discount
discount = amount * (15.0 / 100);
netPayable = amount - discount;
cout << "The discount at the rate 15 % is Rupees " << discount << endl;
cout << "The payable amount is Rupees " << netPayable ; }
else
// calculate amount at 10 % discount
discount = amount * (10.0 / 100);
cout << "The discount at the rate 10 % is Rupees " << discount << endl ;
The complete program code is given below:
/* This program calculates the discount p w
# includ

27. Precedence Logical Operators with if Condition
include <iostream.h>
ain ( ) {
dou a
amo t
netPaya
discount = 0 ;
// pr
cout << "Please enter the amount of the bill " ;
cin >> amount ;
//test the conditions and calculate net payable
if ( amount > 5000 )
//calculate amount at 15 % discount
discount = amount * (15.0 / 100);
netPayable = amount - discount;
cout << "The discount at the rate 15 % is Rupees " << discount << endl;
cout << "The payable amount is Rupees " << netPayable ; }
else
// calculate amount at 10 % discount
discount = amount * (10.0 / 100);
cout << "The discount at the rate 10 % is Rupees " << discount << endl ;
The complete program code is given below:
/* This program calculates the discount p w
# includ

28. Logical Operators Precedence
For example, say that A, B, C, and D stand for relational expressions
(things like 23 > 90). Then,
A || B && C
means
A || (B && C)
A && B || C && D
(A && B) || (C && D)
A && B && C || D
((A && B) && C) || D
!A && B || C
((!A) && B) || C
include <iostream.h>
ain ( ) {
dou a
amo t
netPaya
discount = 0 ;
// pr
cout << "Please enter the amount of the bill " ;
cin >> amount ;
//test the conditions and calculate net payable
if ( amount > 5000 )
//calculate amount at 15 % discount
discount = amount * (15.0 / 100);
netPayable = amount - discount;
cout << "The discount at the rate 15 % is Rupees " << discount << endl;
cout << "The payable amount is Rupees " << netPayable ; }
else
// calculate amount at 10 % discount
discount = amount * (10.0 / 100);
cout << "The discount at the rate 10 % is Rupees " << discount << endl ;
The complete program code is given below:
/* This program calculates the discount p w
# includ

29. Logical and Relational Operators Precedence

30. Logical Operators Precedence
Add parentheses to the following to show how operator precedence groups operands:
a > b && 45 <= sum || sum < a + b && d > 90
include <iostream.h>
ain ( ) {
dou a
amo t
netPaya
discount = 0 ;
// pr
cout << "Please enter the amount of the bill " ;
cin >> amount ;
//test the conditions and calculate net payable
if ( amount > 5000 )
//calculate amount at 15 % discount
discount = amount * (15.0 / 100);
netPayable = amount - discount;
cout << "The discount at the rate 15 % is Rupees " << discount << endl;
cout << "The payable amount is Rupees " << netPayable ; }
else
// calculate amount at 10 % discount
discount = amount * (10.0 / 100);
cout << "The discount at the rate 10 % is Rupees " << discount << endl ;
The complete program code is given below:
/* This program calculates the discount p w
# includ
(a > b) && (45 <= sum )|| sum < (a + b) && (d > 90)

31. Else If Else if is a condition used for multiple choices
Else if chooses exactly one or none statement from the multiple choices (other wise logical error may occur).
General format of else if statement
If (condition)
Statement of Group of statements
Else if (condition) .
Else
include <iostream.h>
ain ( ) {
dou a
amo t
netPaya
discount = 0 ;
// pr
cout << "Please enter the amount of the bill " ;
cin >> amount ;
//test the conditions and calculate net payable
if ( amount > 5000 )
//calculate amount at 15 % discount
discount = amount * (15.0 / 100);
netPayable = amount - discount;
cout << "The discount at the rate 15 % is Rupees " << discount << endl;
cout << "The payable amount is Rupees " << netPayable ; }
else
// calculate amount at 10 % discount
discount = amount * (10.0 / 100);
cout << "The discount at the rate 10 % is Rupees " << discount << endl ;
The complete program code is given below:
/* This program calculates the discount p w
# includ

32. Else If if ( studentGrade >= 90 ) // 90 and above gets "A"
cout << "A";
else if ( studentGrade >= 80 )
// gets "B“
cout << "B";
else if ( studentGrade >= 70 )
// gets "C"
cout << "C";
else if ( studentGrade >= 60 )
// gets "D"
cout << "D";
Else
// less than 60 gets "F"
cout << "F";
include <iostream.h>
ain ( ) {
dou a
amo t
netPaya
discount = 0 ;
// pr
cout << "Please enter the amount of the bill " ;
cin >> amount ;
//test the conditions and calculate net payable
if ( amount > 5000 )
//calculate amount at 15 % discount
discount = amount * (15.0 / 100);
netPayable = amount - discount;
cout << "The discount at the rate 15 % is Rupees " << discount << endl;
cout << "The payable amount is Rupees " << netPayable ; }
else
// calculate amount at 10 % discount
discount = amount * (10.0 / 100);
cout << "The discount at the rate 10 % is Rupees " << discount << endl ;
The complete program code is given below:
/* This program calculates the discount p w
# includ