1. Key concept all vertebrates are chordates not all chordates are vertebrates
Sea squirts
Subphylum. Urochordata
Subphylum. Vertebrata
Subphylum. Cephalochordata
Phylum. Chordata
Chordata
Lancelet

2. Phylum Chordata contains all vertebrates
Chordates share common features or structures at some stage of development at some point in their life cycle.
Notochord
Long, firm rod that extends along the back of the animal becomes the vertebral column
Hollow nerve cord
Hollow tube that in chordates that becomes the brain and spinal cord
pharyngeal slits
Gills in the throat region
Postanal tail

3. Chordate Characteristics
Bilateral symmetry
Two pairs of appendages
Cephalization
Closed circulatory system
Coelom – body cavity that contains vital organs
Internal skeleton
deudostromes

4. An endoskeleton allows vertebrates to grow to large sizes.
internal
made of bone or cartilage
An endoskeleton can be divided into two parts.
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
braincase
braincase (cranium)
vertebrae
Pectoral
girdle
vertebrae
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

5. Evolutionary Adaptations of Chordates
From filter feeding ancestors to active predators
Skeletal
respiration
Digestion
Circulation
Nervous system

6. Skeleton becomes stronger to work with bigger muscles
More complex for better motor control
Sensory detection of the animals environment
(brain)
Skeleton becomes stronger to work
with bigger muscles
Allows more rapid movement
nervous
skeletal
Stronger heart to circulate
blood faster
Adaptations
circulation
respiration
Digest more food
Muscularized gut parastalsis
Digestive glands
Liver
Pancreas
digestive
Gill slit and muscular pharynx will move more water over gills
More oxygen is extracted from water

7. Subphylum Urochordata
Sea squirt
Gill slits (pharyngeal slits)
Notochord
Only in larva
Adult has tunic

8. Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelet
Amphioxus
Notochord length of body
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Gill slits
Segmented muscles

9. There are seven classes of vertebrates.
1. Agnatha
2. Chondrichthyes
3. Osteichthes
4. Amphibians
5. Reptilia
6. Aves
7. Mammalia

10. Main Characteristic 4 reptiles scales Agnatha Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Aves
Mammalia
2 JAWS
Jaws
1 Agnatha
Jaw is missing.
3. amphibia
Four limbs
5 aves
Feathers
6 mammals
Hair
jawless
cartilaginous fish
bony fish
amphibians
birds
mammals
4 reptiles
scales

11. There are 30,000 species of Fish – 20,000 are Marine.
The dominant aquatic vertebrates are the fish.
97% of fish are bony fishes.
They belong to Phylum Chordata.
Most fish use counter shading as a means of camouflage

12. Characteristics of All Fish
They are aquatic
They are cold blooded
They have a backbone
They have paired fins
They breath with gills
Lateral line system
Developed brain

13. Fish are vertebrates with gills and paired fins.
Fish use specialized organs called gills to breathe underwater.
sheets of thick, frilly tissue filled with capillaries
take in dissolved oxygen from water, release carbon dioxide
Have countercurrent flow

14. Fins are appendages that project from a fish’s body.
keep fish stable
redirect water around fish as it swims
help fish maneuver in water

15. Fins are appendages that project from a fish’s body.
keep fish stable
redirect water around fish as it swims
help fish maneuver in water

16. All fish have a lateral line system.
sensory system
sensitive to small changes in water movement
lateral line

17. Parts of the fish brain Olfactory lobe cerebrum Optic lobe cerebellum
Medulla

18. body regions of a fish
thorax
tail
. head

19. Class Agnatha
Tunicates (worms) may be the closest relatives to vertebrates.
The first recognizable vertebrates were jawless fish.
Two groups of jawless fish still exist today.
hagfish
lampreys

20. Feeding reproduction Reproduction Fasten to the side of a fish
Flip their body
scrap a hole in the side
Suck out the blood & tissues
Reproduction
reproduction
Freshwater lakes and streams
Lay eggs in hollows made in gravel
Eggs are fertilized externally
Worm like larvae hatch and burrow into the gravel
They remain there for 3 years

21. Hagfish Bottom dwellers Cold ocean waters 5 – 15 pairs of gills
Mucus-secreting glands all over their bodies
Sometimes called slime eels
Poorly developed eyesight
Slit-like toothed mouths
Scavengers
Hermaphrodites
Produce sperm one year and eggs the next
Internal fertilization
Young hatch and look like the adult

22. Only two groups of jawed fish still exist.
Cartilaginous fish and bony fish are still in existence.

23. Jaws evolved from gill supports.
Jaws developed from gill arches located around the pharynx.
cranium
mouth
gill arches
Jaws gave vertebrates a huge advantage as predators.

24. Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish have skeletons made of cartilage
orders
Holocephali include ratfish, a small group of deep-sea fish.
Elasmobranchs include sharks, rays, and skates.
Rat fish

25. characteristics There are 300 species of cartilaginous fish
Jaws lined with rows of teeth that are constantly replaced
Skin is covered with small pointed teeth – placoid scales
5 – 7 pairs of gills
Two chambered heart
Separate sexes
Fertilization is internal
Marine
Carnivorous
Detect prey with lateral lines system

26. Sharks Liver controls their buoyancy
Dermal denticles teeth like scales allow them to taste with their skin
Ampulae of Lorenzini in their jaws allow them to sense electrical impulses
They are all muscles and skin and can’t take much abuse

27. Skates/Rays
More than 200 species have been described, in 27 genera
slow growth rates and, since they mature late, low reproductive rates
Among the best know rays are stingrays, which have long, slim, whiplike tails armed with serrated, venomous spines. A stingray lashes its tail only as a defensive measure when it is caught, stepped on, or otherwise disturbed.

28. Skates/Rays
Have gills on their ventral side
use spiracles to breath on top of their head
primarily feed on mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and occasionally smaller fishes. Some rays crush their prey between their blunt teeth, sometimes referred to as bony plates
Often completely burying themselves in the sand or soft sediment
camouflaged by a grayish-brown, often mottled coloration

29. The major difference between rays and skates is in their reproductive strategies. Rays are live bearing (viviparous) while skates are egg laying (oviparous), releasing their eggs in hard rectangular cases sometimes called "mermaid´s purses". Also, skates typically have a prominent dorsal fin while the dorsal fin is absent or greatly reduced in rays.

30. Most rays are kite-shaped with whip-like tails possessing one or two stinging spines while skates have fleshier tails and lack spines. Rays protect themselves with these stinging spines or barbs while skates rely on thorny projections on their backs and tails to for protection from predators.
rays are generally much larger than skates.