1. General Midterm Review

2. List the 8 characteristics of living things
made of one or more cells
respond to stimuli
grow and develop
reproduce
displays organization
adapt and evolve
maintain homeostasis
require energy

3. 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
3. The two most important theories in biology are the cell theory and the theory of evolution.

4. 4. List the steps of the scientific method
ask a question
gather information
form hypothesis
test hypothesis(experiment)
observe
record data
draw conclusion

5. 5. Biology is the study of living things.
Ex. Scientists studying fungus in the rainforest
Ex. How bacteria help our digestive system
Ex. How fast a cheetah runs compared to an ostrich

6. 6. What are the base units of the International System of Units?
Liters, meters, grams

7. 7. The independent variable is what is being testing during an experiment.
8. A theory is the term used to explain natural phenomena supported by vast amounts of data and research.

8. 9. Covalent bonds share electrons, while ionic bonds gain or lose electrons.
10. In a chemical reaction, the reactants are on the left side and is what you start with, and products are on the right side and what are formed.

9. 11. List the three particles of an atom and give the charge and location.
a. Proton-positive, nucleus
b. Neutron-neutral, nucleus
c. Electron- negative, energy levels

10. 12. How many electrons can fit in each energy level?
1st: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 18
4th: 32

11. 13. Isotopes are defined as atoms of the same elements that have a different number of neutrons.
14. Ions are formed when two elements either gain or lose electrons.

12. DNA is an example of which type of macromolecule?
Nucleic acid

13. 16. Energy added to start or speed up a chemical reaction is called activation energy.

14. 17. Endothermic reactions absorb energy, therefore the energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants.
18. Exothermic reactions release energy, therefore the energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants.

15. What element do all organic compounds have in common?
Carbon
Enzymes are examples of which type of macromolecule?
Proteins

16. 21. Acidic solutions release hydrogen(H+) ions when dissolved in water, while bases release hydroxide(-OH) ions when dissolved in water.

17. 22. Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.

18. 23. Robert Hooke was the first person to look at cork cells in a microscope.
24. Matthias Schleiden concluded plant tissues were made of cells, while Theodor Shwann concluded animal tissues were also made of cells.
25. Rudolph Virchow proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells.

19. What are the 4 components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Transport proteins
Cholesterol molecules
Carbohydrate chains

20. 27. Which is the main component of the plasma membrane made of a polar head and non-polar tail? Phospholipids
28. Which identifies chemical signals from outside the cell? Carbohydrate chains

21. 29. Which is used as transport channels to allow substances to enter and exit the cell? Transport proteins
30. Which keeps the fatty acids tails of the phospholipids from sticking together? Cholesterol molecules

22. 31. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus, although eukaryotic cells do.

23. 32. List the three types of solutions cells can be found in and what happens to cells when placed in these solutions
a. Isotonic- stays the same
b. Hypertonic- shrivel
c. Hypotonic- swell

24. 33. Diffusion is the term used to describe the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
34. The Golgi apparatus takes proteins in the cells and sorts and packages them for use.

25. 35. Which organelle is used by plant cells to make glucose during photosynthesis? chloroplasts
36. What small organelle is found throughout the cytoplasm and on endoplasmic reticulum and makes proteins? ribosomes
37. What is the “powerhouse” of the cell by supplying the cell with energy? mitochondria

26. 38. List the reactants and products of photosynthesis
Reactants: water and CO2
Products: oxygen and glucose
39. List the processes as either anabolic or catabolic.
Photosynthesis- anabolic
Cellular respiration- catabolic

27. 40. Energy is the term defined as the ability to do work.
What is the study of the flow of energy called?
thermodynamics

28. 42. When ATP is used, a phosphate molecule is released and ADP is formed.

29. 43. Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs have to eat or consume their food.
44. The process of making food using the sun’s energy is called photosynthesis.

30. 45. What molecule is released to the environment as a waste product in photosynthesis? oxygen
46. The energy storage molecule that organisms use is called ATP.

31. 47. Anaerobic is defined as not requiring oxygen.
48. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
Reactants- oxygen, glucose
Products- CO2, H2O, and ATP

32. Which stage of cellular respiration is most effective at making ATP?
Electron transport chain
Which stage of cellular respiration is anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm?
glycolysis

33. 51. The cell cycle describes the activities of cells that include cell growth and division.
52. List three things that happen during interphase.
a. G1- cell grows and performs normal cellular functions
b. S- DNA synthesis(replication)
c. G2- cell prepares for cell division

34. Which stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its life?
interphase
When does DNA replication take place during the cell cycle?
55. The division of the nucleus is called mitosis.
56. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles.

35. 57. Chromosomes are located inside the nucleus and made of DNA.
What is the name for the replicated structures that make up chromosomes?
Sister chromatids
59. Centromeres are the structures that hold together sister chromatids and what allows spindle fibers to move the chromosomes around in the cell.

36. Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

37. Which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell?
metaphase
If a cell goes through 5 divisions, how many cells would be the result? 32

38. 64. Stem cells are defined as being unspecialized cells that can become more specialized tissues and organs when given the right conditions.
If a cell has 5 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will the daughter cells have after mitosis? 5
66. The term apoptosis described the process of programmed cell death.

39. 67. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis.
68. Crossing over occurs during Prophase 1, which is the process of exchanging DNA segments between homologous chromosomes.

40. 69. Gametes are sex cells.
70. The process of combining two gametes is called fertilization.
71. What is the final result of meiosis?
4 different haploid daughter cells

41. 72. Genetics is the study of heredity.
73. Dominant alleles will hide or mask recessive alleles if present.
74. Alleles are the alternate forms of genes that can be either dominant or recessive.

42. An organism’s allele pair is called a genotype.
76. The physical appearance is called a phenotype.

43. 77. An organism that has two of the same allele for the same trait can be described as homozygous.
78. An organism that has two different alleles for the same trait can be described as heterozygous.

44. 79. Punnett squares are tools used to show the possible offspring from various crosses.