1. Regurgitant jet evaluation using three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance 
Joerg Albers, MD, Tobias Nitsche, Jan Boese, PhD, Raffaele De Simone, MD, Ivo Wolf, Antje Schroeder, Christian F. Vahl, MD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 78, Issue 1, Pages (July 2004)
DOI: /j.athoracsur

2. Fig 1
Experimental circulation. (A) General setup allowing for pulsatile production of regurgitant volumes into a regurgitant chamber. (B) View into the regurgitant chamber with affixed regurgitant ostium. 1 = centrifugal pump; 2 = magnetic valve triggered by artificial electrocardiogram; 3 = straight conduit leading to regurgitant chamber; 4 = regurgitant chamber; 5 = regurgitant ostium.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )

3. Fig 2
Comparison of MRI and 3D Echo with flowmeter. (A) MRI: linear correlation. Regurgitant volume was underestimated by 0.54 mL (R2 = 0.99, p < ). (B) 3DE: linear correlation. Regurgitant volume was overestimated by 0.44 mL (R2 = 0.99, p < ). (3D Echo = three-dimensional echocardiography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )

4. Fig 3
Three-dimensional visualization. (A) Three-dimensional flow velocity profiles. Peak systolic flow velocity profile is depicted at the slice nearest to regurgitant orifice. Left: MRI; right: 3DE. Regurgitant orifice diameters/jet volume from top to bottom row: 10 mm/3.11 mL, 10 mm/7.94 mL, 20 mm/15.7 mL, 16 mm/18.34 mL, 20 mm/20.66 mL, 20 mm/25.85 mL. (B) Three-dimensional regurgitant jets. Left: MRI; right: 3DE. Three-dimensional reconstructed regurgitant jets are shown at a lateral view with the regurgitant ostium at the left side. Five time frames during experimental systole (top to bottom: 0 ms/62 ms/130 ms/200 ms of systole) are chosen from a 3D movie. JV mL. (3DE = three-dimensional echocardiography; JV = jet volume; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )