1. The Worlds of the 15th century Chapter 13

2. Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

3. The Pacific Ocean
Over period of several thousand years, people from Malay Peninsula crossed the water to settle in the islands of:
East Indies
New Guinea
Melanesian
Polynesian
Marquesas
New Zealand
Hawaii

4. Polynesian expansion was a result of planned voyages with intention of colonization (before Europe).
They navigated using the stars and ocean currents.
Planned voyages wit intention of colonization. Stars and oceon currents as evidendce of land.

5. The Indian Ocean
Malayo-Indonesians colonized the island of Madagascar in a series of voyages through the 15th century.
Arab sailor technique used monsoon winds to establish trade routes.
How did Muslims benefit other travelers?
They shared trade routes
Madagascar ; arabs used the pattern of monsoon winds to establish trade routes; Trade routes were shared;

6. Ming Dynasty China
After end of Mongol rule, China was looking to resurrect its past under emperor Yongle ( ).
Civil Service
Reforestation
Emphasis on centralized government
Population growth

7. In 1405 the Ming took on the world’s largest maritime expeditions in the history of the world. Lead by the eunuch Muslim, Zheng He
Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, E. Africa
Showed to establish prestige by “showing off” Ming wealth and bringing back tribute.
No colonies or conquest
Came to an abrupt end. Why?
Yongle died
Waste of money
Focus on Mongol threat

8. European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal
China was centralized and unified
Europe was independent and competitive amongst its states (Spain and Portugal)
Sophisticated tax system to raise armies
France v. Spain (Hundred Years War )
Europe moved away from past (Renaissance)
China moved toward the past (Confucianism)

9. European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging
Europe had four ships
China had hundreds
Europe was seeking wealth and converts
America and S.E. Asia
China did not need wealth, allies, or converts
European voyages had a signifigant effect on world power.
Chinese voyages ended with no long lasting effects.

10. The Atlantic Ocean Vikings During 10th century
Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland
How did climate effect their voyages?
Sailed in warm weather
Warm = good, Cold= bad

11. African Attempts Genoa and Portugal Genoa 1291 Mali 1300s Madeiras
Azores
Canaries

12. Americas Arawak from S. America Lesser and Greater Antilles (1000)
Conquered by The Carib in 15th century

13. The Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500
population, increased agricultural practices, military, Conquest,

14. The Aztecs/Mexica
Originally northern people with clan based social organization. Established the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateloco (present Mexico City) around 1325.
Monarchy-no absolute power
No primogeniture
Mexico City; twin capitals; DID NOT HAVE ABSOLUTE POWER

15. How did kings increase their wealth and power?
Territorial conquest
Aztec Empire increased resulting in: unequal distribution of wealth and commoners lost political influence
Agricultural production was increased by undertaking land reclamation projects and constructing irrigated fields and chinampas.
Merchants
Simple technology: no wheeled vehicles, no large animals to work, no money used
Economy
Disproportionate income
barter
Tribute was needed for survival
Territorial conquest, unequal distribution of wealth, commoners lost ability to influence political decisions; no wheeled vehicles, draft animals, or money was used; conquest led to more wealth for elites, nobles, and warriors. Disproportionate income, food, wives

16. Religion Polytheistic Huitzilopochtli, sun god
Healthy diet of human hearts to make crops grow. Thousands of sacrifices a year.
Hearts, sacrifice of thousands a year.

17. Andean Civilizations, 200-1500

18. Cultural Response to Environment Challenge
How did the harsh high altitudes affect the life of inhabitants?
Organization of labor efficient systems
Harsh climate but more consistent agriculture (no droughts)
Ayllu- clan held land collectively, obligated to work together for food and supplies them to chief.
It caused them to organize labor effiecient to produce enough food to live;harsher climate but more dependable agriculture, no droughts; ayllu- clan held land collectively, obligated to work together for food and supplies to chief. Mit’a- organized members of the ayllu to provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal court, and aristocracy. Men for hunting, war, and government; women wove clothes and cared for the crops at home. Gave birth and kept working. 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a network of exchange routes; exchange allong ecological boundries

19. After 1000 introduced mit’a, an organized members of the ayllu to provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal court, and aristocracy
Gender- . Men for hunting, war, and government. Divided responsibilities. . Men for hunting, war, and government; women wove clothes and cared for the crops at home,
Four Zones
Vertical integration
4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a network of exchange routes; exchange along ecological boundaries. They were interdependent.

20. The Inca
Small chiefdom in Cuzco until military expansion in 1430s. By 1525, the Inca constructed a huge empire (6 million).
What was the key to their wealth?
Strong military; trade
Expansion of the mit’a
Provide for the: old, sick, and weak
System was similar to modern socialism
6 million, Using a strong military to expand its trade. Old, sick, and weak. Socialism-

21. Local rulers Central rule
Control by way of: military garrisons, taking hostages
Central rule
King
How did the king prove himself worthy?
Conquering more territory
Left conqured people in charge and held they by way of: Conquering more territory

22. Cultural achievements
Cuzco- capital city
homogeneous
Puma- worshiped
Rituals, feasts, sacrifice
Cultural achievements
Didn’t create, made better
Astronomical observation
Metallurgy

23. Inca domination resulted in increased wealth, but also in reduced levels of local autonomy. When the elite fell into civil war in 1525, Inca control over its vast territories was weakened.

24. Comparison
Both: highly integrated political economic systems long before 1500s; women important; highly stratified society; simple technology, influenced heavily by climate and geography, huge populations, conquests ruled by elites; using religion for legitimacy
In the Andes, more geographical influenced cultural integration and state formation. Use of domesticated animals, broad control expand vertical exchange system, used more trade to combat the region
Mesoamerica; no total dominant ruler, pyramids, sacrifice, tribute relationships and markets, used more technology to combat climate.