1. Applications of Response Shift Theory and Methods to Participation Measurement: A Brief History of a Young Field 
Carolyn E. Schwartz, ScD 
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 
Volume 91, Issue 9, Pages S38-S43 (September 2010)
DOI: /j.apmr
Copyright © 2010 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
The Sprangers and Schwartz2 response shift model of QOL. This model postulates that a change in health state (the catalyst) leads to an interactive and dynamic response shift process. Stable personality characteristics (ie, antecedents) interact with mechanisms (ie, cognitive, affective, or behavioral processes that individuals use to deal with life changes) to promote response shifts. In turn, these shifts result in a level of perceived quality of life that may be higher or lower than expected based on objective criteria.
Adapted from Schwartz et al.17 Reprinted with permission.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , S38-S43DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2010 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
This forest plot shows the global QOL effect sizes reported in the studies included in the Schwartz et al24 response shift meta-analysis. The solid vertical line represents the mean effect size across all studies, and the individual stem-and-leaf plots show the mean and 95% confidence intervals for each study. The mean effect sizes for the studies were .30 when absolute value was used and .02 when direction of the effects was retained. Given the diverse patient populations used, the absolute value was considered a better indicator of the true effect size. This forest plot suggests that response shift effects for global QOL are small to moderate. Abbreviation: Grp, group.
Adapted from Schwartz et al.24 Reprinted with permission.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , S38-S43DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2010 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions