1. Chapter 17: Age of Exploration
European Exploration

2. First Guys The First Explorers Eskimos & Aleuts (Native Americans)
Japanese & Chinese Fishermen
West Africans (Olmec Legend)
European Vikings
Thorfinn Karlsefni –mapped part of North American coast
Tried to settle Newfoundland

3. The Vikings Eric the Red (c. 960)
-brought family from Norway to Iceland, then settled in Greenland
Leif Eriksson (c. 1000)
-landed in present-day Newfoundland
-only remained three years

4. Motives for Exploration
Economic Expansion
Increased Trading
Need for Asian spices
Used for taste and as preservatives
Desire for precious metals
Rumors of large amount of gold
Religious zeal
Conversion of indigenous people
“Gold, glory, and God”

5. Means of Exploration Advancements to travel Caravel Triangular sails
Smaller faster Portuguese ship
Able to carry large cargo
Triangular sails
Used to sail against the wind
Astrolabe (Greek)
Travel by the stars
Magnetic Compass (Chinese)

6. Stern-Post Rudder

7. Portolani
The word portolani comes from the Italian adjective portolano, meaning "related to ports or harbors", or "a collection of sailing directions"

8. Quadrant

9. Astrolabe

10. Lanteen Rig (or sail)

11. Portuguese Exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator
Set up a school for sailing
Travelled along coast of Africa
Found gold
1488: Batholomeu Diaz
Sailed around Cape of Good Hope
1498: Vasco De Gama
Sailed around Cape and to India
Admiral Albuquerbue eventually took control of spice trade from Muslims

12. Spanish Explorers Looked for route to Asia across Atlantic Ocean
1492: Christopher Columbus
Hit Caribbean thinking it was India
Travelled back 3 more times
1500: Ferdinand Magellan
First to travel around world
However he died in Philippines
Still given title

13. New Lands to Explore Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) John Cabot
Boundary line drawn for unexplored territory
Portugal is given right to explore all things east of the line, which includes Africa
Spain given right to explore all things west of line, which includes Americas
John Cabot
Sailed for England
1497: Explored New England Coast

14. Treaty of Tordesillas

15. Spanish Empire Conquest of the Aztecs 1519: Led by Hernan Cortes
Attacked the capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
Started with small number of men
Convinced local tribes to join him as they did not like the oppressive rule of the Aztecs
1520: Cortes takes Montezuma hostage
Aztecs eventually revolt

16. Spanish Empire Fall of the Aztecs Disease
Aztecs were not used to European diseases
Smallpox devastated the Aztecs
More soldiers reinforced the Spaniards daily
After 4 months, the Aztecs surrendered
Spanish leveled all signs of Aztecs
Built new churches and roads
Led to control of all Mexico

17. Spanish Empire Conquest of Incas Francisco Pizarro (1531)
Similar to what we saw with Aztecs
Small number of soldiers
Used superior weapons to scare Incas
Disease would ravage population
1535: Took control of entire Incan
Empire with Lima as major colony

18. Technology:
In this illustration you see both Native Americans and Colonial men at war with one another.
What is the major weapon being used by either side?
Why do you think these two sides are fighting?
Which group do you believe had an advantage? Explain.
Who do you believe is more likely to win the battle, why?

19. European Rivals The Dutch The English The French
Established West India Company
Struggled early to maintain any power
Established New Netherland in America
Held a large fur trading outpost
Eventually taken over by English
The English
Controlled most of eastern seaboard of America
Miniscule compared to the Spanish Empire
The French
Controlled most of present-day Canada
Established a colony in New Orleans

20. Chapter 17: Age of Exploration
First Global Economic Systems

21. What is Mercantilism? Mercantilism Prosperity based on gold and silver
Favorable balance of trade
Export more than you import
Developed out of established trading posts
Gov’t willing to subsidize new industries
Taxes placed on imported goods
Expansion of transportation

22. Columbian Exchange
Exchange of plants and animals between Europe and Americas

23. The Columbian Exchange
From Europe to the Americas:
w Wheat
w Cattle
w Horses
w Pigs
w Sheep
w Smallpox
w Measles
From the Americas to Europe:
w Tomatoes
w Potatoes
w Squash
w Corn
w Tobacco
w Turkeys
w Syphilis

24. Pros and Cons of Columbian Exchange
Increased economic activity in both Europe and America
Increased population and food production
Created new markets
Cons
Disease
Smallpox
: Hispanola pop. went from 250,000 to 500
: Mexico pop. went from 25 million to 1 million

25. Atlantic Slave Trade Triangular Trade
Trading route between Europe, Africa, and America
Europe had finished goods; Africa had slaves; America had raw materials

26. Where in Africa did Slaves come from?
In beginning, they were POW’s from African warfare
Slaves were found on the coastline of west Africa
As slave trade increased, traders moved farther inland
Effects of Atlantic Slave Trade
Depopulated Africa
Increased warfare in Africa
Destruction of societies
Abolished by French in 1790’s, UK 1833, US 1860’s

27. Regions of the Slave Trade

28. Chapter 17: The Age of Exploration
Colonial Latin America

29. Colonial Empires in Latin America
Social Classes of Latin America
Peninsulares
Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe
Held all governmental positions
Creoles
People born in Latin America but of European descent
Treated as second class citizen

30. Social Classes of Latin America
Mestizos
Offspring of intermarriage between Native Americans and Euros
Mulattoes
Offspring of intermarriage between Africans and Europeans
Both Mestizos and Mulattoes considered inferior by Europeans
Kept them confined to menial jobs and rarely becoming more than a merchant early on

31. Economic Foundations How did the Spanish and Portuguese prosper?
1. Mining
Gold and silver mines
Natural Resource Extraction
2. Farming
Farmed single crops for profit
Led to deforestation of areas
3. Encomienda System
Labor system
Natives had to pay taxes and provide labor
Led to major declines in native populations
4. Trade
Precious metals and also local crops and spices