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Transdermal delivery of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A by pulsed current iontophoresis
Stefania Pacini, MD, Massimo Gulisano, MD, Tiziana Punzi, PhD, Marco Ruggiero, MD Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Volume 57, Issue 6, Pages (December 2007) DOI: /j.jaad Copyright © 2007 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Terms and Conditions
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Fig 1 Association of BoNT/A with cutaneous skeletal muscle fibers. A, After iontophoresis, BoNT/A was detected in association with skeletal muscle fibers (SM) localized in deep dermis; fibers appeared brown with staining. B, Details of skeletal muscle fibers; typical aspect of actin/myosin complex is evident. (A and B, Immunohistochemical reaction; original magnifications: A, ×40; B, ×400.) Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology , DOI: ( /j.jaad ) Copyright © 2007 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Terms and Conditions
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Fig 2 Association of BoNT/A with epidermis and adnexa. A, BoNT/A, after iontophoresis, was evident at the site of application (ie, epidermis) (arrow). B, BoNT/A was also associated with appendages such as the hair root (R) and sebaceous gland (SG); arrow indicates arrector pili muscle. Immunohistochemical reaction. (Magnifications: A, ×100; B, ×200 [+ zoom].) Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology , DOI: ( /j.jaad ) Copyright © 2007 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Terms and Conditions
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