1. SCIENCE

2. Chapter 1 – Contact Forces
Section 1 – Key Words
Equilibrium: State of an object when opposing forces are balanced.
Deformation: Changing shape due to a force.
Linear relationship: When two variables are graphed and show a straight line which goes through the origin, and they can be called proportional.
Newton: Unit for measuring forces (N).
Resultant force: Single force which can replace all the forces acting on an object and have the same effect.
Friction: Force opposing motion which is caused by the interaction of surfaces moving over one another. It is called 'drag' if one is a fluid.
Tension: Force extending or pulling apart.
Compression: Force squashing or pushing together.
Contact force: One that acts by direct contact.
Section 2 – Types of forces
Section 3 – Balanced Forces
If all the forces acting on an object are balanced, then the resultant force will be zero. The object is in equilibrium so the motion of that object will not change. If the object was still, it will stay still; if the object was moving at a steady speed, it will keep moving at a steady speed.
Force Diagrams
To draw a force diagram accurately follow these rules:
Name all of the forces acting on the object
Identify the direction that these forces are acting in
Draw the force arrows
The length of the arrow shows the size of the force, the width always stays the same.
The direction of the arrow shows the direction of the force
The label describes the action of the force
Section 4 – What can forces do?
A force could change an object speed, direction or shape.
Some forces like thrust can cause you to speed up, whilst other forces like friction can cause you to slow down.
Forces sometimes act together or in opposition to each other. We can use these rules to calculate resultant force.
Chapter 1 – Contact Forces

3. Section 2 – Calculations
Section 1 – Keywords
Fluid: A substance with no fixed shape, a gas or a liquid.
Pressure: The ratio of force to surface area, in N/m2, and it causes stresses in solids.
Upthrust: The upward force that a liquid or gas exerts on a body floating in it.
Atmospheric pressure: The pressure caused by the weight of the air above a surface.
Mass: How heavy you are, measured in kg
Weight: The force you exert owing to gravity, measured in N
Section 2 – Calculations
Calculating Weight
Weight (N) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg)
Gravitational field strength does not vary upon Earth, it is always 10N/kg, but it does change on different planets.
Calculating Stress / Pressure
Stress (N/m2) = Force (N) / Area (m2)
Pressure (Pa) = Force (N) / surface area (m2)
You can decrease the stress / pressure acting on a surface by either:
Increasing the size of the area the force is acting over
Decrease the force being applied.
Section 3 – Pressure
Pressure is caused by the particles in a fluid moving at random and bouncing off a surface.
Each time the particles bounce off a surface they apply a very small force.
Although the force is small over the whole surface it adds up to the total pressure.
The more particles hitting the walls, the higher the pressure. This is why the pressure in a balloon goes up when you blow it up.
Atmospheric pressure however is the pressure caused by the weight of the air above a surface.
You can increase the pressure exerted by:
Increasing the temperature
Increasing the number of particles in a given volume.
You can decrease the pressure exerted by:
Decreasing the temperature
Decreasing the number of particles in a given volume.
Section 4 – Hydraulics
Chapter 2 - Pressure
Hydraulics are used to increase the magnitude of a force being applied.
They work by applying a certain force over a small area, creating a large pressure, which is transferred through a incompressible liquid an amplified with a larger area.

4. Chapter 9 – The Periodic Table
Section 1 – Keywords
Section 2 – An overview of the periodic table
Each group contains elements that are similar to each other in their physical and chemical properties.
Each period contains elements that also have similar physical properties e.g. melting and boiling point.
Metals are found on the left, transition metals in the middle and non-metals on the right.
Section 3 – Trends in the
Periodic Table
Group 1 (The Alkali Metals) – Highly reactive; produce metal hydroxide and hydrogen when they react with water; get more reactive as you go down the group
Group 7 (The Halogens) – React with metals to make salts; decrease in reactivity as you go down the group; melting and boiling points decrease as you go down the group; More reactive halogens displace less reactive halogens.
Group 0 (The noble gases) – Highly unreactive; get denser as you go down the group
Section 4 – Development of the
periodic table
Scan the following QR code with a device connected to the internet to access a video describing the development of the periodic table.
Periodic table: Shows all the elements arranged in rows and columns.
Physical properties: Features of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance itself.
Chemical properties: Features of the way a substance reacts with other substances.
Groups: Columns of the Periodic table.
Periods: Rows of the Periodic table.
Elements: A pure substance made from only one type of atom.
Chapter 9 – The Periodic Table

5. Chapter 10 - Elements Section 1 – Keywords
Section 2 – Elements and Chemical Formula
Every element has its name and chemical symbol which you can find in the periodic table e.g. Oxygen, O; Copper, Cu.
The first letter is always a capital.
Sometimes there is a second letter always lowercase
A chemical formula tells us which elements are present in a compound and how many of each of the atoms there are.
Section 3 – Elements,
Compounds and Mixtures
The properties of compounds are different to the properties of the elements they are made from
For example water (H2O) is a liquid, but the two elements it is made from hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) are gases.
Elements and compounds may exist as a molecule when there are thousands of atoms joined together.
Section 4 – Types of compounds
Naming compounds
When elements react to make a compound, the name of the compound changes.
If a metal is present that part comes first.
The non-metal comes second and the end changes to –ide.
The prefixes mono-, di- and tri- are used to show that a compound contains one, two or three of a specific atom.
Ceramics and Composites
The term ceramic comes from the Greek for pottery. Most ceramics are man-made, using strong heating to manufacture these substances. They are insoluble; unreactive; very strong; brittle; malleable
A composite is a material which is made from at least two other materials which have different physical properties. The idea of the composite is that it combines the best of both materials. Most composites are man made, but bone is a natural composite.
Elements: what all substances are made up of, and which contain only one type of atom.
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist.
Molecules: Two to thousands of atoms joined together. Most non-metals exist either as small or giant molecules.
Compound: Pure substances made up of two or more elements strongly joined together.
Mixture: Two or more substances not chemically combined together.
Chemical formula: Shows the elements present in a compound and their relative proportions.
Polymer: A molecule made of thousands of smaller molecules in a repeating pattern. Plastics are man-made polymers, starch is a natural polymer.
Chapter Elements