1. Organization of the Human Body
Chapter 1

2. Definitions Anatomy: Science of Structure
Physiology: Science of body functions

3. Levels of Organization
Chemical: atoms->molecules
Cellular: cells with organelles
Basic unit of life
Tissue: groups of cells & surround
4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ: groups of tissues performing a common function
System: group of organs with a common function
Organism

4. Figure 1.1

5. Life Processes Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

6. Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Dynamic process

7. Homeostasis (Cont.) Maintained by feedback systems
Involves adjusting the value of a physiological variable
Must be measured and then changed toward some goal

8. System Components Variable at issue=controlled variable Receptor.
measures variable value
Control Center.
evaluates input from receptor and send output to the effector
Effector.
System that changes the value of the controlled variable as determined by the control center

9. Figure 1.2

10. Negative Feedback System
Reverses a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”
This is the process that maintains homeostasis
E.g. blood sugar levels, blood pressure,
body temperature

11. Figure 1.3

12. Positive Feedback Systems
This process strengthens a change.
Rare but important
Must be shut down by an outside force.
E.g. child birth, ovulation, blood clotting

13. Clinical Terms Disorder: abnormality of structure/function
Disease: specific illness determined by signs & symptoms
Symptoms: subjective changes not observable form outside
Signs: measurable observable changes

14. Aging & Homeostasis
Normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis

15. Anatomical Terms
Precise use of language to define position, direction and location in the body.

16. Figure 1.4a

17. Figure 1.4b

18. Figure 1.5

19. Figure 1.6

20. Figure 1.7a

21. Figure 1.7b

22. Figure 1.7c

23. Figure 1.8 part 1

24. Figure 1.8 part 2

25. Figure 1.10a

26. Figure 1.10b

27. Figure 1.11