Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation

Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation
8 Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation Cardiovascular System

Structure and Function
Heart Layers of the heart Endocardium—inner lining of the heart Myocardium—heart muscle Epicardium—top layer of the heart Pericardium—sac holding the heart Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various websites.

Structure and Function (part 2)
Heart (continued) Propels blood for the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and immune substances in the body Circulates blood to the lungs for O2 and CO2 exchange Right side (pulmonary circulation) sends blood to lungs for O2 Left side (systemic circulation) sends blood to all body systems Pedagogical note: An animation of blood flow is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus website.

Heart (continued) Heart chambers Atria—receive blood Right atria—deoxygenated blood from venae cavae Left atria—oxygenated blood from lungs Ventricles—pump blood from the heart Right ventricle—to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation) Left ventricle—through the aorta to the body systems (systemic circulation) Pedagogical note: You may encourage students to complete the activities in TermPlus, the powerful interactive multimedia program, to concentrate on reinforcing anatomy and physiology.

Heart (continued) Valves—prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood Tricuspid valve—from right ventricle into right atrium Bicuspid (mitral) valve—from left ventricle into left atrium Pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) valve—from pulmonary artery into right ventricle Aortic (aortic semilunar) valve—from aorta into left ventricle

Blood vessels Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) Have strong muscular walls to withstand the surge of blood at each heartbeat

Blood vessels (continued) Capillaries Microscopic vessels composed of endothelial cells Join arterial system with venous system Have thin walls to allow exchange of substances between blood and body tissues

Blood vessels (continued) Veins Carry blood to the heart Carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein) Contain valves to help the return of blood to the heart

Structure and Function Exercise (part 8)
What is the main function of the heart? What structures prevent backflow of blood within the heart? Pedagogical note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides.

What is the main function of the heart? To propel blood for the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and immune substances in the body What structures prevent backflow of blood within the heart? Heart valves—the bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic valve, and pulmonic valve

List the three major types of blood vessels, and briefly note the function of each. Which blood vessel contains valves? Why?

List the three major types of blood vessels, and briefly note the function of each. Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart; capillaries join the arterial system with the venous system. Which blood vessel contains valves? Why? Veins possess valves to prevent backflow of blood because it commonly must travel against gravity to return to the heart.

List the four chambers of the heart. How are the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein different from other arteries and veins of the body?

List the four chambers of the heart. Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle How are the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein different from other arteries and veins of the body? The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood; the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood.

Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for: heart: atrium: ventricle: septum: Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus website and completing the flash-card activities.

Combining Forms Exercise (part 2)
heart: cardi/o, coron/o atrium: atri/o ventricle: ventricul/o septum: sept/o

vein: artery: valve: electricity:

vein: phleb/o, ven/o artery: arteri/o valve: valv/o, valvul/o electricity: electr/o

fatty plaque: embolus: pulse: muscle:

fatty plaque: ather/o embolus: embol/o pulse: sphygm/o muscle: my/o

narrowing, stricture: blood clot:

narrowing, stricture: sten/o blood clot: thromb/o

Complete the Medical Word Exercise
pertaining to across the septum: trans/ /al destruction of a blood clot: /o/lysis pertaining to the ventricles: /ar tumor of fatty plaque: /oma

Complete the Medical Word Exercise (part 2)
pertaining to across the septum: trans/sept/al destruction of a blood clot: thromb/o/lysis pertaining to the ventricles: ventricul/ar tumor of fatty plaque: ather/oma

pertaining to within a vessel: endo/ /ar inflammation of an arteriole: / condition of an embolus: /ism pertaining to the muscle of the heart: /o/ /al

pertaining to within a vessel: endo/vascul/ar inflammation of an arteriole: arteriol/itis condition of an embolus: embol/ism pertaining to the muscle of the heart: my/o/cardi/al

Build Medical Words Exercise
narrowing of the aorta: rupture of the heart: condition (of a heart) without rhythm:

Build Medical Words Exercise (part 2)
narrowing of the aorta: aort/o/stenosis rupture of the heart: cardi/o/rrhexis condition (of a heart) without rhythm: a/rrhythm/ia

enlargement of the ventricles: condition of a slow heart (beat): process of recording the heart:

8 enlargement of the ventricles: ventricul/o/megaly condition of a slow heart (beat): brady/card/ia process of recording the heart: cardi/o/graphy

8 enlargement of the heart: resembling a pulse: tumor of a blood vessel: condition of a rapid heart (beat):

8 enlargement of the heart: cardi/o/megaly resembling a pulse: sphygm/oid tumor of a blood vessel: hemangi/oma condition of a rapid heart (beat): tachy/card/ia or tachy/cardia

Diseases and Conditions
8 Arteriosclerosis Progressive, degenerative disease of the arteries Commonly caused by buildup of fatty plaque (atheroma) Pedagogical Note: To help you customize or add other disorders to your presentation, you can find numerous images in the image bank. Pedagogical note: An atherosclerosis animation is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus website. Arteriosclerosis of the carotid artery showing embolization of plaque. 33 33

Diseases and Conditions (part 2)
8 Arteriosclerosis (continued) Possibly affecting any artery but most commonly the coronary and carotid arteries Causes wall weakness, loss of elasticity, and blood-clot formation 34 34

8 Arteriosclerosis (continued) Signs and symptoms Dependent on location Carotid artery—stroke symptoms, vision problems, dizziness, confusion, and headaches Coronary artery—angina, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, and nausea Peripheral arteries of the legs—claudication, pain triggered by walking, or possibly asymptomatic 35 35

8 Arteriosclerosis (continued) Treatment Pharmacological Decrease blood cholesterol level Control blood clotting Surgical Endarterectomy Vascular bypass surgery Stenting 36 36

Clinically Related Exercise
8 Mr. L. has dizziness, confusion, and weakness on the left side of his body. Ultrasound of his carotid artery shows blockage by fatty plaque. The doctor diagnoses this condition as (arteriosclerosis, aneurysm, arteriorrhexis). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or website resources to tailor the Clinically Related Exercise sections to suit your course objectives.

Clinically Related Exercise (part 2)
8 Mr. L. has dizziness, confusion, and weakness on the left side of his body. Ultrasound of his carotid artery shows blockage by fatty plaque. The doctor diagnoses this condition as arteriosclerosis.

8 Mr. L. will undergo removal of plaque buildup from his carotid artery, a surgical procedure called (arteriectomy, endarterectomy, venulectomy).

8 Mr. L. will undergo removal of plaque buildup from his carotid artery, a surgical procedure called endarterectomy.

8 Mrs. J. underwent ultrasound of her carotid arteries. This test revealed minimal plaque in her left carotid artery. Her doctor explained that an excessive buildup of plaque on the carotid artery may cause a(n) (myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysm).

8 Mrs. J. underwent ultrasound of her carotid arteries. This test revealed minimal plaque in her left carotid artery. Her doctor explained that an excessive buildup of plaque on the carotid artery may cause a stroke.

8 Coronary artery disease (CAD) Any disorder of the coronary arteries that affects their ability to deliver blood to the myocardium Partial occlusion—distal tissues become ischemic, compromising heart function Pedagogical note: A coronary artery disease animation is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus website. Coronary artery disease showing partial occlusion of the coronary artery. 43 43

8 CAD (continued) Total or almost total occlusion of the coronary artery results in death of distal tissues, a condition called infarction or necrosis Coronary artery disease showing almost total occlusion of the coronary artery. 44 44

8 CAD (continued) Most commonly caused by arteriosclerosis Possible blood-clot formation or rupture caused by plaque 45 45

CAD (continued) Risk factors Smoking Stress Physical inactivity Family history Diabetes Obesity Elevated blood cholesterol 46 46

Diseases and Conditions (continued)
8 CAD (continued) Signs and symptoms Anginal pain Shortness of breath Diaphoresis Pallor Common locations of anginal pain. 47 47

8 CAD (continued) Treatment Lifestyle changes Quit smoking Low-fat diet Regular exercise Weight and stress management Pharmacological Control of angina, hypertension, and triglyceride levels Anticoagulant therapy, if needed 48 48

8 CAD (continued) Treatment (continued) Surgical intervention Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Pedagogical note: An animation of PTCA is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus website. 49 49

8 Mr. T. has chest pain that radiates to his left arm. He is pale and perspiring profusely. An ECG reveals necrosed heart tissue. His Dx is (fibrillations, MI, palpitations).

Mr. T. has chest pain that radiates to his left arm. He is pale and perspiring profusely. An ECG reveals necrosed heart tissue. His diagnosis is MI.

8 Mr. X. is diagnosed with CAD. The doctor tells him that lifestyle changes could reduce the risk of further heart complications. These changes include exercising regularly, losing weight, reducing stress, and maintaining a diet low in saturated .

8 Mr. X. is diagnosed with CAD. The doctor tells him that lifestyle changes could reduce the risk of further heart complications. These changes include exercising regularly, losing weight, reducing stress, and maintaining a diet low in saturated fat.

8 A 50-year-old male arrives at the clinic complaining of pressure and pain in his chest. After a brief examination, the doctor concludes that his symptoms are the result of a decrease of oxygen in the heart muscle, a condition called (embolus, ischemia, thrombosis).

8 A 50-year-old male presents at the clinic complaining of pressure and pain in his chest. After a brief examination, the doctor concludes that his symptoms are the result of a decrease of oxygen in the heart muscle, a condition called ischemia.

8 Aneurysm Local dilation of an artery May cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage from rupture, or ischemia Commonly located in the aorta of the abdomen or chest and the brain 56 56

8 Aneurysm (continued) Three main types (see illustration) Fusiform (spindle-shaped) Saccular (sac-shaped) Dissecting (separated layers of the vessel wall) Aneurysms. 57 57

8 Aneurysm (continued) Signs and symptoms Possibly asymptomatic In a slender patient, a pulsating middle and upper abdominal mass Mild to severe weakness Sweating Tachycardia Hypotension 58 58

8 Aneurysm (continued) Treatment Depends on the location, size, the likelihood that it will rupture, and the general physical status of the patient Aortic aneurysm Endovascular stent—graft surgery Open surgical treatment—placement of a synthetic or stent graft Brain aneurysm Reserved only for cases that pose a high risk of rupture 59 59

8 An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also known as (hypotension, hypertension, hypothymia). During a physical examination, the doctor palpates a pulsating mass in the patient's abdomen. This sign is characteristic of a(n) (aneurysm, carcinoma, tumor).

8 An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also known as hypotension. During a physical examination, the doctor palpates a pulsating mass in the patient's abdomen. This sign is characteristic of an aneurysm.

8 Mr. B.'s doctor advises him that he has an abdominal aneurysm. The doctor explains that the aneurysm is likely the cause of his episodes of a very rapid heartbeat, called . During surgery, the surgeon discovers a spindle-shaped aneurysm in a patient's artery. This type of aneurysm is known as a (dissecting, fusiform, saccular) aneurysm.

8 Mr. B.'s doctor advises him that he has an abdominal aneurysm. The doctor explains that the aneurysm is likely the cause of his episodes of a very rapid heartbeat, called tachycardia. During surgery, the surgeon discovers a spindle-shaped aneurysm in a patient's artery. This type of aneurysm is known as a fusiform aneurysm.

8 Varicose veins Twisted, enlarged veins caused by blood pooling in the veins, especially in the legs Pressure on valves from blood overcoming gravity on its way back to the heart Valves weaken and become incompetent A. B. Varicose veins. (A) Normal vein with competent valve. (B) Varicose vein with incompetent valve. 64 64

8 Varicose veins (continued) Common locations Lower legs Esophagus (esophageal varices) Rectum (hemorrhoids) 65 65

8 Varicose veins (continued) Signs and symptoms Engorged, twisted veins of the legs Pain Edema Skin ulcers Burning sensation Itching Varicose veins. 66 66

Varicose veins (continued) Treatment Lifestyle changes Avoiding long periods of standing Elevating legs as much as possible Wearing compression stockings Surgery Sclerotherapy Laser ablation Radiofrequency ablation Ligation and stripping (in heavily damaged or diseased veins) 67 67

8 With each of her four pregnancies, Mrs. M. noticed an increase of pressure in her varicose veins. She now complains of pain that is not relieved when she elevates her legs or uses compression stockings. Dr. J. advises an injection of an agent that hardens and eventually destroys the varicose veins. This procedures is known as (sclerotherapy, ligation and stripping, laser ablation).

With each of her four pregnancies, Mrs. M. noticed an increase of pressure in her varicose veins. She now complains of pain that is not relieved when she elevates her legs or uses compression stockings. Dr. J. advises an injection of an agent that hardens and eventually destroys the varicose veins. This procedures is known as sclerotherapy.

8 Mr. G., an 87-year-old patient, has a history of vascular problems and dependent edema. Recently, he developed skin ulcers on his lower legs. His wife asked what caused the ulcers. The nurse explains that skin ulcers are a complication associated with (varicose veins, advanced age, phlebitis).

8 Mr. G., an 87-year-old patient, has a history of vascular problems and dependent edema. Recently, he developed skin ulcers on his lower legs. His wife asked what caused the ulcers. The nurse explains that skin ulcers are a complication associated with varicose veins.

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
8 arrhythmia: embolus: hypertension: Pedagogical Note: To customize the medical vocabulary, simply add or delete the terms on the slide. Also, numerous images are available from the image bank and/or other resources if you want to add illustrations.

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise (part 2)
8 arrhythmia: inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm; also called dysrhythmia embolus: mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in the blood until it becomes lodged in a vessel hypertension: in adults, a persistently elevated blood pressure that exceeds a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg

8 infarct: ischemia: stent:

8 infarct: area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply ischemia: local and temporary deficiency of blood supply resulting from circulatory obstruction stent: slender, threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries

Procedures Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
8 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Surgical treatment for coronary artery disease Grafted vessel anastomosed around a blocked segment of the coronary artery Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). 76 76

Procedures (part 2)) 8 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) (see illustration) Balloon catheter inserted through a small incision and placed at the site of the plaque (A) Balloon inflated, pressing fatty plaque against the vessel wall (B) Balloon deflated and removed, leaving the stent in place (C) A. (A) (A) B. Pedagogical note: An animation of PTCA is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus website. C. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). 77 77

8 The surgeon removed a vessel from Mr. C.'s leg and used it to bypass a blocked segment in his coronary artery. One end of it was anastomosed to the aorta and the other end to the coronary artery distal to the occlusion. The abbreviation for this bypass surgery is .

Clinically Related Exercise Part 22)
8 The surgeon removed a vessel from Mr. C.'s leg and used it to bypass a blocked segment in his coronary artery. One end of it was anastomosed to the aorta and the other end to the coronary artery distal to the occlusion. The abbreviation for this bypass surgery is CABG.

8 Mr. D. is diagnosed with CAD. The surgeon proposes an endovascular procedure using a balloon catheter to reopen the narrowed blood vessels and restore blood flow. This procedures is known as an (anastomosis, angioplasty, endarterectomy).

8 Mr. D. is diagnosed with CAD. The surgeon proposes an endovascular procedure using a balloon catheter to reopen the narrowed blood vessels and restore blood flow. This procedures is known as an angioplasty.

8 Mr. W. is scheduled to undergo balloon angioplasty to crush fatty deposits in the coronary vessel and improve blood flow. The nurse explains that this procedure is known as PTCA, which is an abbreviation for .

8 Mr. W. is scheduled to undergo balloon angioplasty to crush fatty deposits in the coronary vessel and improve blood flow. The nurse explains that this procedure is known as PTCA, which is an abbreviation for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Procedures (part 3) Carotid artery ultrasound
8 Carotid artery ultrasound Painless screening test that uses an ultrasound probe passed over the carotid arteries to produce images of the carotid arteries Used to identify blockage in the carotid artery that places one at risk for a stroke Carotid artery ultrasonography. 84 84

Procedures (part 4) Endarterectomy
8 Endarterectomy Procedure to remove atheromatous plaque from the inner lining of the carotid artery (see illustration) Incision of the carotid artery (A) Removal of the plaque (B) Suture of the carotid artery (C) A. B. C. Endarterectomy of carotid artery. 85 85

8 Ms. R. experienced a minor stroke. Her doctor is concerned that plaque in the carotid arteries has decreased delivery of blood to the brain. To evaluate the carotid arteries, he schedules an imaging procedure that uses sound waves. This procedure is called (angiography, ultrasonography, arteriography).

Ms. R. experienced a minor stroke. Her doctor is concerned that plaque in the carotid arteries has decreased delivery of blood to the brain. To evaluate the carotid arteries, he schedules an imaging procedure that uses sound waves. This procedure is called ultrasonography.

8 Mr. J. underwent several tests that indicate an excessive amount of plaque in the right carotid artery. Fearing the patient may experience a stroke, the surgeon proposes to remove the plaque from the interior carotid artery, a procedure called (arteriorotomy, bypass graft, endarterectomy).

8 Mr. J. underwent several tests that indicate an excessive amount of plaque in the right carotid artery. Fearing the patient may experience a stroke, the surgeon proposes to remove the plaque from the interior carotid artery, a procedure called endarterectomy.

8 Ms. L. complains of symptoms associated with stroke. After a complete workup, the doctor diagnoses her condition as hardening of the carotid artery and proposes implantation of a device to hold this vessel open. This device is known as a(n) .

8 Ms. L. complains of symptoms associated with stroke. After a complete workup, the doctor diagnoses her condition as hardening of the carotid artery and proposes implantation of a device to hold this vessel open. This device is known as a stent.

Procedures (part 5) Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
8 Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) Painless, noninvasive test that records electrical impulses of the heart using electrodes placed strategically on the body Impulses displayed as a line tracing on a paper strip with spikes and dips called waves Wave interpretation identifies various cardiac irregularities 92 92

Procedures (part 6) ECG (continued) Holter monitor 8
ECG that records electrical activity for 24 to 48 hours Identifies irregularities that would be missed with a regular ECG of only a few minutes in duration Holter monitor. 93 93

Procedures (part 7) ECG (continued) ECG stress test 8
ECG that evaluates heart function under stressful conditions Performed in a controlled environment Drug-induced stress Exercise-induced stress, also called treadmill test Exercise stress test using a treadmill. 94 94

8 Mrs. B. complains of “heart flutters” and shortness of breath. To evaluate her symptoms, the nurse administers a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of her heart. This test, known as a(n) , shows the heart's electrical activity as line tracings on paper.

8 Mrs. B. complains of “heart flutters” and shortness of breath. To evaluate her symptoms, the nurse administers a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of her heart. This test, known as an electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG), shows the heart's electrical activity as line tracings on paper.

8 Mr. X. is diagnosed with a cardiac arrhythmia. To confirm the diagnosis, a small, portable system will record his ECG tracings for 48 hours. This test is called a(n)

8 Mr. X. is diagnosed with a cardiac arrhythmia. To confirm the diagnosis, a small, portable system will record his ECG tracings for 48 hours. This test is called a Holter monitor test.

8 Mr. B.’s cardiac biomarkers are elevated. As part of the cardiac workup, he will undergo an ECG taken while exercising on a treadmill. This test is called a(n) .

Mr. B.’s cardiac biomarkers are elevated. As part of the cardiac workup, he will undergo an ECG taken while exercising on a treadmill. This test is called a stress test.

Procedures (part 8) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
Device implanted in patients at risk for developing arrhythmias Monitors heart rate and corrects tachycardia or bradycardia Delivers of a jolt of electricity to restart the heart if it stops Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). 101 101

Procedures (part 9) Cardiac catheterization
8 Cardiac catheterization Catheter guided into the heart via a vein or an artery for diagnostic purposes, including: Measuring blood flow through coronary vessels Measuring intracardiac or intravascular pressure Obtaining blood samples Conducting radiological studies Cardiac catheterization. 102 102

Procedures (part 10) Coronary angiography
8 Coronary angiography Radiological procedure that visualizes the coronary arteries Cardiac catheter under fluoroscopic guidance administers a contrast medium to facilitate imaging Images identify areas of obstruction and stenosis in coronary arteries Coronary angiography. 103 103

8 Mrs. N. is diagnosed with ventricular fibrillation. To treat her condition, the cardiac surgeon implants a device programmed to give the heart a shock if a life-threatening arrhythmia or an abnormally high heart rate occurs. The device monitors and corrects cardiac arrhythmias. The abbreviation for this device is .

8 Mrs. N. is diagnosed with ventricular fibrillation. To treat her condition, the cardiac surgeon implants a device programmed to give the heart a shock if a life-threatening arrhythmia or an abnormally high heart rate occurs. The device monitors and corrects cardiac arrhythmias. The abbreviation for this device is ICD or AICD.

8 Mrs. A. collapsed while teaching her class. She is scheduled for cardiac catheterization, but she is concerned about this test. How should the PA respond?

8 Mrs. A. collapsed while teaching her class. She is scheduled for cardiac catheterization, but she is concerned about this test. How should the PA respond? The PA should explain that the doctor will pass a small tube called a catheter through a vein or artery to the heart to conduct tests, obtain blood samples, and take x-rays of the heart to help the physician determine proper treatment for her condition.

8 Mr. S. has suffered from cardiomyopathy for several years and is now experiencing heart failure. He is wheelchair-bound and suffers from shortness of breath and a very slow heart rate. The nurse charts his abnormally slow heart rate as . Mrs. X. is scheduled for a radiological procedure to evaluate her coronary arteries called coronary

8 Mr. S. has suffered from cardiomyopathy for several years and is now experiencing heart failure. He is wheelchair-bound and suffers from shortness of breath and a very slow heart rate. The nurse charts his abnormally slow heart rate as bradycardia. Mrs. X. is scheduled for a radiological procedure to evaluate her coronary arteries called coronary angiography.

8 record of electrical (activity) of the heart: process of recording electrical (activity) of the heart:

record of electrical (activity) of the heart: electr/o/cardi/o/gram process of recording electrical (activity) of the heart: electr/o/cardi/o/graphy

8 process of recording (radiography) a vein: process of recording (radiography) the aorta:

8 process of recording (radiography) a vein: ven/o/graphy process of recording (radiography) the aorta: aort/o/graphy

8 process of recording the arteries (of the heart): surgical repair of a valve:

8 process of recording the arteries (of the heart): angi/o/graphy surgical repair of a valve: valvul/o/plasty

Pharmacology Antiarrhythmics Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers
8 Antiarrhythmics Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers Diuretics Nitrates Statins Thrombolytics Pedagogical Note: This is a partial list of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disorders. You may wish to prepare additional slides on pharmacology to meet your particular needs. 116 116

8 Mrs. T. is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in her lower leg. Her doctor prescribes a drug that dissolves blood clots, known as a (beta blocker, nitrate, thrombolytic). Mr. B.'s doctor diagnoses him with hypercholesterolemia. The doctor advises him to follow a low-fat diet and prescribes a drug that reduces cholesterol levels, known as a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).

8 Mrs. T. is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in her lower leg. Her doctor prescribes a drug that dissolves a blood clot, known as a thrombolytic. Mr. B.'s doctor diagnoses him with hypercholesterolemia. The doctor advises him to follow a low-fat diet and prescribes a drug that reduces cholesterol levels, known as a statin.

8 Three years ago, Mrs. S. underwent angioplasty. She is now diagnosed with recurring CAD. To relieve her “tightening chest pain,” the doctor prescribes a drug called a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin). Mr. K.’s BP is persistently over 150/95. To address this problem, the doctor prescribes a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).

Three years ago, Mrs. S. underwent angioplasty. She is now diagnosed with recurring CAD. To relieve her “tightening chest pain,” the doctor prescribes a drug called a nitrate. Mr. K.’s BP is persistently over 150/95. To address this problem, the doctor prescribes a beta blocker.

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