Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation

Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation
14 Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation Endocrine System

Structure and Function
14 Consists of endocrine (ductless) glands Controls and integrates many bodily functions Monitors and interprets reaction to changes in the body and external environment to maintain homeostasis Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources for illustrations and information are available on various websites. 2 2

Structure and Function (part 2)
14 Pituitary gland (hypophysis) Tiny, pea-shaped structure at the base of the brain Consists of an anterior and posterior lobe Known as the “master gland” of the body Regulation of many of the body’s activities Stimulation of other glands to secrete their own specific hormones Effects of its hormones felt throughout the body 3 3

14 Pituitary gland (continued) Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)—secretion of six hormones Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the production of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates egg production in the ovaries or sperm production in the testes Growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin, which regulates growth of bones and other tissues 4 4

14 Pituitary gland (continued) Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)—secretion of six hormones (continued) Luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates production of sex hormones by the ovaries or testes Prolactin, which stimulates growth of breast tissue and milk production in females Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates activity of the thyroid gland 5 5

14 Pituitary gland (continued) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)—secretion of two hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin Regulation of urinary output Role in blood pressure regulation Oxytocin Inducement of labor in pregnant women by stimulating contractions in the uterus Promotion of milk secretion from the mammary glands 6 6

14 Thyroid gland Two lobes on either side of the trachea Secretion of three hormones Calcitonin, which regulates normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate (in conjunction with parathyroid hormone) Triiodothyronine (T3), which increases the rate of cellular metabolism Thyroxine (T4), which increases the rate of cellular metabolism after being converted to T3 in the tissues 7 7

14 Parathyroid gland Two pairs of pea-shaped organs located on the underside of the thyroid gland Secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulation of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate (in conjunction with calcitonin) 8 8

14 Pancreas Elongated organ located just below the stomach in back of the abdomen Secretion of two hormones Insulin, which removes glucose from the blood by promoting storage in tissues as carbohydrates when blood glucose levels are high Glucagon, which stimulates the release of glucose from storage sites in the liver when blood glucose levels are low 9 9

14 Pineal gland Small, pinecone–shaped organ located deep within the brain just behind the thalamus Secretion of melatonin, which influences the maturation of sexual organs during puberty 10 10

14 Thymus gland Butterfly-shaped organ located between the lungs Withers away during puberty, leaving adults with fat and connective tissue in its place Secretion of thymosin, which plays a role in development of the immune response in infants 11 11

14 Ovaries Function in the female reproductive and endocrine systems Secretion of two female sex hormones Estrogen (estradiol), which stimulates development of ova (eggs) and secondary sex characteristics Progesterone, which prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy 12 12

14 Testes Function in the male reproductive and endocrine systems Secretion of male sex hormone testosterone Responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics and sex drive Necessary for sperm production Maintenance of the reproductive organs in adult males 13 13

Structure and Function Exercise
14 What is a target? What are common conditions that result in various pathologies of the endocrine system? Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland? Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 14 14

Structure and Function Exercise (part 2)
14 What is a target? Organ or tissue that responds to a hormone What are common conditions that result in various pathologies of the endocrine system? Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of a hormone Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland? It regulates many bodily activities and stimulates other glands to secrete specific hormones. 15 15

Combining Forms Exercise
14 List the CF(s) for: pancreas: thyroid gland: thymus gland: secrete: Pedagogical Note: Encourage your students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the DavisPlus website and completing the flash-card activities.

Combining Forms Exercise (part 2)
14 pancreas: pancreat/o thyroid gland: thyr/o, thyroid/o thymus gland: thym/o secrete: crin/o

14 adrenal glands: poison: sugar, sweetness: same, alike:

14 adrenal glands: adren/o, adrenal/o poison: toxic/o, tox/o sugar, sweetness: gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o same, alike: home/o

14 calcium: potassium (an electrolyte):

14 calcium: calc/o potassium (an electrolyte): kal/i

Complete the Medical Word Exercise
14 excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/ pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: / /toxic sugar in urine: /uria blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: / /emia 22

Complete the Medical Word Exercise (part 2)
14 excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/dipsia pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: thyr/o/toxic sugar in urine: glycos/uria or glucos/uria blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: hyper/glyc/emia 23

14 instrument to measure sugar: /o/ excessive (many, much) urination: poly/ condition of deficient insulin: hypo/ / secrete within (internally): endo/ 24

14 instrument to measure sugar: gluc/o/meter excessive (many, much) urination: poly/uria condition of deficient insulin: hypo/insulin/ism secrete within (internally): endo/crine 25

14 secrete outwardly (outside, outward): /crine enlargement of the thyroid gland: thyr/o/ 26

14 secrete outwardly (outside, outward): exo/crine enlargement of the thyroid gland: thyr/o/megaly 27

Build Medical Words Exercise
14 specialist in study of poisons: inflammation of the pancreas: enlargement of extremities: 28 28

Build Medical Words Exercise (part 2)
14 specialist in study of poisons: toxic/o/logist or toxic/o/log/ist inflammation of the pancreas: pancreat/itis enlargement of extremities: acr/o/megaly 29 29

14 sugar, sweetness (in the) urine: tumor (composed of) insulin: blood condition with potassium (an electrolyte): 30 30

14 sugar, sweetness (in the) urine: glycos/uria or glucos/uria tumor (composed of) insulin: insulin/oma blood condition with potassium (an electrolyte): kal/emia 31 31

Diseases and Conditions
14 Graves disease Most common form of hyperthyroidism Caused by oversecretion of hormones (T4 and T3) by the thyroid gland, in which elevated levels produce profound changes in the body’s physiological processes More common in women than men Pedagogical Note: To help you customize or add other disorders to your presentation, you can find numerous images in the image bank.

Diseases and Conditions (part 2)
14 Graves disease (continued) Signs and symptoms Exophthalmos Elevated metabolic rate Heat intolerance Weight loss, fatigue, and muscle weakness Exophthalmos caused by Graves disease.

14 Graves disease (continued) Signs and symptoms (continued) Enlarged thyroid Thyrotoxic crisis (storm), including many cardiac manifestations Tachycardia Arrhythmias Heart murmurs Cardiomegaly Enlargement of thyroid gland in goiter.

14 Graves disease (continued) Treatment Depends on patient’s age and the severity of the disease Antithyroid agents to block hormone synthesis within the thyroid gland Alteration in the structure of the thyroid gland through surgery or radioactive iodine therapy Beta blockers in combination with one of the treatments listed above

Clinically Related Exercise
14 Mrs. Y., a patient with Graves disease, is concerned about the abnormal protrusion of her eyeballs. The doctor explains that this protrusion is a common symptom of Graves disease and is called Ms. M. is scheduled to undergo excision of her thyroid gland, a surgery charted as Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or website resources to tailor the Clinically Related Exercise sections to suit your course objectives. 36 36

Clinically Related Exercise (part 2)
14 Mrs. Y., a patient with Graves disease, is concerned about the abnormal protrusion of her eyeballs. The doctor explains that this protrusion is a common symptom of Graves disease and is called exophthalmos or exophthalmia. Ms. M. is scheduled to undergo excision of her thyroid gland, a surgery charted as thyroidectomy. 37 37

14 Mrs. N. suffers from hyperthyroidism. She states that her mother had Graves disease and asks about the connection between Graves disease and hyperthyroidism. How should the physician respond? 38 38

14 Mrs. N. suffers from hyperthyroidism. She states that her mother had Graves disease and asks about the connection between Graves disease and hyperthyroidism. How should the physician respond? Graves disease is the most common form of hyperthyroidism. 39 39

14 Mr. Z. is diagnosed with Graves disease and asks why his eyes are protruding. How should the physician respond? 40 40

14 Mr. Z. is diagnosed with Graves disease and asks why his eyes are protruding. How should the physician respond? The protrusion results from an accumulation of cellular material behind the eyeballs, which is stimulated by hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone. 41 41

14 Cushing syndrome Caused by exposure to excess cortisol Adrenal or pituitary problem Long-term use of corticosteroids More common in females

14 Cushing syndrome (continued) Signs and symptoms Central obesity with thin arms and legs Fat pad on upper back (buffalo hump) Round, “moon-shaped” face, with acne and facial hair Physical manifestations of Cushing syndrome.

14 Cushing syndrome (continued) Signs and symptoms (continued) Secondary diabetes resulting from insulin resistance Glucose intolerance caused by stimulation of gluconeogenesis Muscle wasting and thin skin with purple striae as a result of cortisol’s catabolic effect on tissues Hypokalemia resulting from sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine

14 Cushing syndrome (continued) Signs and symptoms (continued) Catabolic effects on bone leading to osteoporosis, pathological fractures, and back pain from compression fractures of the vertebrae Risk of infection because of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions of cortisol Mental-status changes in about half of patients, from irritability to psychosis (sometimes referred to as steroid psychosis)

14 Cushing syndrome (continued) Treatment Varied, according to etiology Restoration of serum concentration of cortisol to normal levels Surgery or radiation therapy to remove a tumor Drugs or radiation to suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion Discontinuance of or in reduction corticosteroid drug use High-potassium or low-sodium diet

14 Ms. J. receives a dx of Cushing syndrome. The physician explains that treatment aims to restore the normal levels of the principal steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, which is known as (calcitonin, cortisol, oxytocin). 47 47

14 Ms. J. receives a dx of Cushing syndrome. The physician explains that treatment aims to restore the normal levels of the principal steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, which is known as cortisol. 48 48

14 Ms. M. receives a dx of Cushing syndrome and learns that it is caused by a tumor in her adrenal cortex. The physician recommends surgery followed by chemotherapy. Surgery to remove the adrenal gland(s) is known as 49 49

14 Ms. M. receives a dx of Cushing syndrome and learns that it is caused by a tumor in her adrenal cortex. The physician recommends surgery followed by chemotherapy. Surgery to remove the adrenal gland(s) is known as adrenalectomy. 50 50

14 The physician explains that one of the complications of untreated Cushing syndrome is elevated blood pressure. The medical term for this complication is Mrs. N. complains of puffiness and water retention. The nurse explains that sodium retention causes increased fluid in tissues, a swelling called 51 51

14 The physician explains that one of the complications of untreated Cushing syndrome is elevated blood pressure. The medical term for this complication is hypertension. Mrs. N. complains of puffiness and water retention. The nurse explains that sodium retention causes increased fluid in tissues, a swelling called edema. 52 52

14 Growth hormone (GH) imbalance GH (somatropin) responsible for growth of bones, cartilage, and soft tissue Synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland Hypersecretion of GH—two forms Acromegaly, hypersecretion during adulthood Gigantism, hypersecretion during childhood Hyposecretion of GH — one form Dwarfism, hyposecretion during childhood

14 GH imbalance (continued) Signs and symptoms Acromegaly Fusion of growth plates at ends of long bones, which prevents person from growing taller Very gradual changes over 7 to 10 years Widening and enlargement of facial features, jaw, hands, and feet Insert Fig 14-7 Acromegaly in frontal view (A) and lateral view (B).

14 GH imbalance (continued) Signs and symptoms (continued) Acromegaly (continued) Untreated acromegaly causes gross physical deformities, crippling neuromuscular alterations, major organ dysfunctions, and decreased visual acuity Increased risk of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and gallstones Reduced life expectancy because of resultant cardiac disease

14 GH imbalance (continued) Signs and symptoms(continued) Gigantism Hypersecretion of GH during childhood Excessive growth of bones and tissues resulting from high level of GH; changes of up to 6″ in 1 year in children Abrupt development, resulting in abnormally increased height Gigantism and dwarfism.

GH imbalance (continued) Signs and symptoms (continued) Dwarfism Hyposecretion of GH during childhood Lack of growth and short stature but with normal body proportions Gigantism and dwarfism.

14 GH imbalance (continued) Treatment Hyposecretion of GH Drug therapy with growth hormone Surgery if a tumor is the cause Hypersecretion of GH Drug therapy to suppress secretion of growth hormone Surgery to remove an adenoma or radiation therapy to destroy the adenoma

14 The physician explains to Mrs. J. that her son’s short stature is a condition known as dwarfism. This condition is caused by (hyposecretion, hypersecretion, hypertrophy) of growth hormone (GH). 59 59

The physician explains to Mrs. J. that her son’s short stature is a condition known as dwarfism. This condition is caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH). 60 60

14 Mr. M. will undergo excision of his pituitary gland. The physician explains that he will require lifelong replacement of thyroid hormone, corticosteroids, and sex hormones to maintain a stable internal environment. The regulation required to maintain this stable environment in the body is called (homogenous, homeostasis, homologous). 61 61

14 Mr. M. will undergo excision of his pituitary gland. The physician explains that he will require lifelong replacement of thyroid hormone, corticosteroids, and sex hormones to maintain a stable internal environment. The regulation required to maintain this stable environment in the body is called homeostasis. 62 62

14 Mrs. P. is diagnosed with acromegaly caused by a pituitary tumor. The physician explains that surgery to remove the gland is required and can be performed endoscopically (through the nose). This procedure is known as a(n) (hypophysectomy, adenectomy, rhinectomy). 63 63

14 Mrs. P. is diagnosed with acromegaly caused by a pituitary tumor. The physician explains that surgery to remove the gland is required and can be performed endoscopically (through the nose). This procedure is known as a hypophysectomy. 64 64

14 A 40-year-old man presents with pain in his hands, feet, and spine, which is caused by bone growth. He states a family history of pituitary tumors. After a PE, the physician notes dramatic physical changes with enlarged extremities and charts a dx of 65 65

14 A 40-year-old man presents with pain in his hands, feet, and spine, which is caused by bone growth. He states a family history of pituitary tumors. After a PE, the physician notes dramatic physical changes with enlarged extremities and charts a dx of acromegaly. 66 66

14 Mrs. D. was diagnosed with acromegaly and has a family history of pituitary tumors. The physician recommends a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. This surgery would remove the pituitary . 67 67

14 Mrs. D. was diagnosed with acromegaly and has a family history of pituitary tumors. The physician recommends a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. This surgery would remove the pituitary tumor. 68 68

14 Diabetes mellitus Group of metabolic diseases Characterized by high glucose levels Caused by defects in insulin secretion, action, or both

14 Diabetes mellitus (continued) Two primary forms Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus Chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia Inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to properly control blood glucose levels Most commonly diagnosed in children, adolescents, and young adults

14 Diabetes mellitus (continued) Two primary forms (continued) Type 2 (non–insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus Gradual onset that occurs in middle age, commonly in overweight patients (because fat interferes with the body’s ability to use insulin) Characterized by high blood glucose levels that lead to a chronic, lifelong disease that requires medical management Insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to sustain normal metabolism

14 Diabetes mellitus (continued) Signs and symptoms Type 1 Fatigue Polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia Unplanned weight loss Blurred vision (common in hyperglycemic patients with polyphagia) Diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of metabolic control (such as during periods of infection or noncompliance with therapy)

14 Diabetes mellitus (continued) Signs and symptoms (continued) Type 2 Commonly asymptomatic Polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria Frequent or slow-healing infections Fatigue Blurred vision (common in hyperglycemic patients)

14 Diabetes mellitus (continued) Treatment Type 1 Specialized diet and regular exercise Intensive foot and eye care Medications, including insulin to lower blood glucose levels Type 2 Calorie-restricted diet with regular aerobic exercise Oral drugs Increase pancreatic secretion of or cellular sensitivity to insulin Decrease absorption of carbohydrates from the GI tract Insulin injections (if oral combinations fail to regulate blood glucose levels)

14 Mrs. Q. has symptoms of polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria. The physician explains that these are classic symptoms of (ketosis, diabetes, myxedema). Ms. V. has type 1 diabetes and complains of fluid retention and back pain. The physician explains that kidney disease is a complication of untreated DM and diagnoses her condition as diabetic (nephropathy, cytopathy, uropathy). 75 75

14 Mrs. Q. has symptoms of polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria. The physician explains that these are classic symptoms of diabetes. Ms. V. has type 1 diabetes and complains of fluid retention and back pain. The physician explains that kidney disease is a complication of untreated DM and diagnoses her condition as diabetic nephropathy. 76 76

14 Ms. T.’s fasting blood glucose laboratory result is 150. This abnormally elevated blood glucose level is charted as . During a patient education session about diabetes, the nurse explains that exact insulin measurement is important. Too much insulin will result in an abnormally low blood glucose level, a condition called . 77 77

14 Ms. T.’s fasting blood glucose laboratory result is 150. This abnormally elevated blood glucose level is charted as hyperglycemia. During a patient education session about diabetes, the nurse explains that exact insulin measurement is important. Too much insulin will result in an abnormally low blood glucose level, a condition called hypoglycemia. 78 78

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
14 hormone: exophthalmos: Pedagogical Note: To customize the medical vocabulary, simply add or delete the terms on the slide. Also, numerous images are available from the image bank and/or other resources if you want to add illustrations. 79 79

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise (part 2)
14 hormone: complex chemical substance produced in one part of the body that regulates the activity of an organ or group of cells in another part of the body exophthalmos: abnormal protrusion of the eyeball caused by tumor (one eye affected) or hyperthyroidism (both eyes affected) 80 80

14 glucagon: hirsutism: 81 81

14 glucagon: hormone that raises blood glucose levels hirsutism: excessive growth of hair or the presence of hair in unusual places (especially in women) caused by abnormalities in androgen production or adverse effects of medication or hormone therapy 82 82

14 myxedema: 83 83

14 myxedema: most severe form of hypothyroidism, characterized by swelling of the hands, face, feet, and periorbital tissue; possibly leading to coma and death 84 84

Procedures Insulin injection 14
Rotation of multiple daily injections to several sites Absorption and effectiveness determined by injection site Rapid absorption: abdomen and then upper arm and thigh areas Slower absorption: subcutaneous fat and hip and buttock areas No injection within 2″ of the navel Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. Rotation sites for injection of insulin. 85

Procedures (part 2) Glucose testing with a glucometer
14 Glucose testing with a glucometer Monitoring test of glucose levels in the blood (glycemia) Self-monitoring, usually done before meals and at bedtime Piercing of skin, typically on the finger, to draw blood Application of blood to a test strip 86

Procedures (part 3) Insulin delivery with an insulin pump
14 Insulin delivery with an insulin pump Use of a small pump device that delivers subcutaneous insulin Typically worn on the abdomen or buttocks Continuous delivery of insulin in small amounts via a tiny catheter with bolus doses added by pushing a button Insulin pump attached to the abdomen. 87

14 Ms. R. will use an insulin pump to replace the multiple insulin injections she takes throughout the day. This pump delivers insulin directly into her bloodstream via a small, hollow tube called a(n) Ms. D. is diagnosed with diabetes. The nurse demonstrates how to get a blood sample and insert it into a device to measure blood glucose. This device is called a(n) . 88 88

14 Ms. R. will use an insulin pump to replace the multiple insulin injections she takes throughout the day. This pump delivers insulin directly into her bloodstream via a small, hollow tube called a catheter. Ms. D. is diagnosed with diabetes. The nurse demonstrates how to get a blood sample and insert it into a device to measure blood glucose. This device is called a glucometer. 89 89

Procedures (part 4) Hypophysectomy
14 Hypophysectomy Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery to excise the pituitary gland Transsphenoidal approach via the nose or just under the upper lip Possible transfrontal craniotomy (entry through the frontal bone of the skull) to remove a large tumor Hypophysectomy. 90

14 Mr. J. receives a dx of a brain tumor and is scheduled for surgery. The surgeon informs him that she will perform an endoscopic procedure to remove the pituitary tumor through the sphenoid sinus. This surgery is known as a(n) hypophysectomy. 91 91

14 Mr. J. receives a dx of a brain tumor and is scheduled for surgery. The surgeon informs him that she will perform an endoscopic procedure to remove the pituitary tumor through the sphenoid sinus. This surgery is known as a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. 92 92

Procedures (part 5) Adrenalectomy Lobectomy Thymectomy Thyroidectomy
14 Adrenalectomy Lobectomy Thymectomy Thyroidectomy 93

14 Mrs. J. is diagnosed with a thymoma. The physician informs her that he must excise it in a surgical procedure called . Mr. X. is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. The physician explains that excision of one lobe of the thyroid will stabilize his condition. The surgical procedure to remove a lobe is called . 94 94

14 Mrs. J. is diagnosed with a thymoma. The physician informs her that he must excise it in a surgical procedure called thymectomy. Mr. X. is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. The physician explains that excision of one lobe of the thyroid will stabilize his condition. The surgical procedure to remove a lobe is called lobectomy. 95 95

14 Ms. C. undergoes a biopsy that reveals a malignant tumor of the adrenal gland. The physician charts this malignant tumor as an adrenal Mr. K.’s MRI reveals a rare tumor of the adrenal glands composed of chromaffin cells. This type of tumor is known as a(n) (cytoma, pheochromocytoma, adrenal sarcoma). 96 96

14 Ms. C. undergoes a biopsy that reveals a malignant tumor of the adrenal gland. The physician charts this malignant tumor as an adrenal carcinoma. Mr. K.’s MRI reveals a rare tumor of the adrenal glands composed of chromaffin cells. This type of tumor is known as a pheochromocytoma. 97 97

Procedures (part 6) Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
14 Fasting blood glucose (FBG) Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Test in which a patient fasts for 8 to 12 hours and then ingests glucose Blood samples are taken to determine how quickly the glucose is cleared from the blood 98 98

Procedures (part 7) Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
14 Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) Administration of an RAI in pill or liquid form is used as a tracer Tests how quickly the thyroid gland takes up (uptake) iodine from the blood Thyroid function test (TFT) Blood test that measures thyroid hormone levels Used to detect an increase or decrease in thyroid function 99 99

14 blood condition of deficient calcium: blood condition of excessive calcium: tumor of the thymus gland: 100 100

14 blood condition of deficient calcium: hypo/calc/emia blood condition of excessive calcium: hyper/calc/emia tumor of the thymus gland: thym/oma 101 101

14 enlargement of the thyroid gland: blood condition of excessive glucose: urine that contains sugar: 102 102

14 enlargement of the thyroid gland: thyr/o/megaly blood condition of excessive glucose: hyper/glyc/emia urine that contains sugar: glycos/uria or glucos/uria 103 103

Pharmacology Estrogens Insulins Hormone replacement therapy
10 Estrogens Hormone replacement therapy Synthetic hormones used to treat symptoms of menopause Insulins Lower blood glucose levels Converts glucose to glycogen Used to treat type 1 diabetes

Pharmacology (part 2) Thyroid supplements Calcium
10 Thyroid supplements Contain T3, T4, or a combination of both Replace or supplement thyroid hormones Used to treat some types of thyroid cancer Calcium Treats and prevents hypocalcemia Prevents osteoporosis when normal diet is lacking adequate amounts

14 A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. To control his blood glucose levels, the physician prescribes (corticosteroids, insulin, thyroid hormone). Mrs. J. is in menopause. To control her symptoms of hot flashes and vaginal dryness, the physician prescribes an oral synthetic hormone of (calcium, estrogen, testosterone). 106 106

14 A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. To control his blood glucose levels, the physician prescribes insulin. Mrs. J. is in menopause. To control her symptoms of hot flashes and vaginal dryness, the physician prescribes an oral synthetic hormone of estrogen. 107 107

14 Mr. R. underwent a thyroidectomy. To replace the production of hormones T3 and T4, the physician prescribes (calcium, corticosteroids, thyroid supplements). Ms. S. is postmenopausal and finds she is at risk for osteoporosis. Her physician recommends preventing bone loss by taking a supplement called (calcium, sodium, thyroid). 108 108

14 Mr. R. underwent a thyroidectomy. To replace the production of hormones T3 and T4, the physician prescribes thyroid supplements. Ms. S. is postmenopausal and finds she is at risk for osteoporosis. Her physician recommends preventing bone loss by taking a supplement called calcium. 109 109

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