1. Problems of
Crime
And
Order

2. Historically Crime Ridden Continent
- Large population moving to industrialized cities > not enough jobs > theft and arson alarmingly frequent
- Steadily increasing because no common law code was established > Judicial Administrations varied from area to area
- Widespread confusion and difficult research led to the creation of formal law enforcement

3. Introduction to Formal Law Enforcement
- Professional police forces appear in early 19th century > largest group of municipal government employees > played no political roles
- Most regarded police as protectors of their property and safety > highly appreciated
- Adopted nicknames ‘bobbies’ and ‘peelers’

4. Continued…
- Common folk were suspicious and fearful of secret police especially in Russia
- Some thought police would be a threat to traditional liberties
- Police distinguished by uniform and carried either a gun or some other type of weapon

5. Reforms of the Prison System
- Very slow > nobody had sympathy for criminals
- Horrendous prison conditions > huge expense to change
- Prisoners were sent to either local jails, state prisons, or prison ships > hulks > problem: housed extreme and minor offenders together
- Serious offenses in Britain were punishable by transportation to the colony of New South Wales
- Serious offenders in France were exiled to Devil’s Island off the coast of South America

6. Continued…
- Auburn system > prisoners separated at night, and allowed to converse during the day
- Philadelphia system > prisoners rigorously separated always > led to mental collapse > Pentonville most famous prison in Europe
- New goal of prisons to rehabilitate inmates > self reflection, learning trade skills

7. Conclusion of Law and Order
- Creation of orderly society a direct impact of law and prison reforms
- Finally, stability was achieved by European political and social elites