1. U
RBAN
PGRADING

2. Characteristics of Stressed Communities
Lack of basic services
Insecure or unclear tenure of land
Low household incomes
Dependence upon informal work opportunities

3. Urban Upgrading As A Response
Objectives
Improve overall conditions
Safeguard from displacement
Encourage self-rehabilitation
Stimulate small business expansion
Ensure affordability

4. Urban Upgrading As A Response
Factors to Consider
Scale of the problem
Severity of conditions
Tenure
Community participation
Institutional framework
Financial structure

5. Types of Upgrading Programs
Community Infrastructure
Lot titling
Comprehensive Upgrading

6. Community Infrastructure
Simple and rapid
Poor environmental conditions poor, secure tenure
Cost less per capita
Benefits per household low
Financed by municipal taxes and user charges
Comprises of physical improvements such as footpaths, sanitation, water supply, drainage

7. Lot Titling Minimal infrastructure
Fairly good environmental conditions, insecure tenure
Establishes secure of tenure
On-plot services such as wells and sanitation provided by individual household
Low public investment

8. Comprehensive Upgrading
Combines community infrastructure and lot titling
Poor environmental conditions, insecure tenure
Greater administrative requirements and community involvement
Costly but benefits per household great
Include individual service connections

9. National Upgrading Programs require guidelines for assessing the positive and negative impacts of projects on the natural resource base.

10. Properly planned and implemented upgrading at local and national levels can improve depressed communities, stimulate residents to improve their own homes, and make the community an integral part of the urban fabric. U
RBAN
PGRADING