1. NEWCASTLE DISEASE

2. General Information
Newcastle Disease (ND); International Epidemics Office (OIE) Situated in the list A disease. Notification is required in our country. It is an international problem.

3. Etiology Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1, Newcastle disease virus)
APMVs have 9 serotypes (APMV1-9). APMV-2, -3, -6 and -7 are diseases in these species.
Nomenclature of strains isolated from disease cases has been carried out in the 1970s and this naming system is currently being applied. For example;
APMV-2/chicken/California/56
APMV-3/turkey/Wisconsin/68
Because of the antigenic associations between APMV serotypes, typing is used for mAb and this typing is important from an epidemiological point of view.

4. Etiology-2
5 There pathotype
1.  Visserotropic velogenic ND viruses (VVND): Characteristic hemorrhagic lesions in digestive system, high mortality (Doyle form)
2.  Neurotropic velogenic ND viruses (NVND): It affects the respiratory and nervous system and has a very high mortality rate (Beach form)

5. Etiology-3
3.   Mesogenic ND viruses : It is caused by clinical symptoms in the respiratory system and rarely in the nervous system. Low mortality (Beaudette form)
4.  Lentogenic respiratory ND viruses: Causes mild or unclear symptoms in the respiratory system (Hitchner form)
5. Asymptomatic enteric ND viruses: Causes enteric infections that are as uncertain as food (Asymptomatic enteric form)

6. Viruses with low virulence,
It does not cause the disease, or it causes short-term mild-to-severe respiratory infections.
It can cause disease, such as a virus infection with high virulence, in the presence of other microorganisms or poor care and feeding
In the last years, it has been determined that many factors in respiratory tract infections which frequently have high mortality in the last period of production in the UK and in other European countries are combined disease (NDV vaccine strains + IBV + APV).

7. Epidemiology
It has been determined that more than 200 winged animals, especially chickens, are susceptible to the disease
The virus has a host range ranging from reptiles to humans
Very contagious and may show pandemic progression
The disease first appeared in 1926
In the 1970s, it was reported in all continents and in many countries
It was first introduced in 1944 in Turkey. In recent years, poultry has shown an endemic course in dense areas.

8. Epidemiology-2
The most sensitive poultry are chickens.
The clinical manifestations of the disease vary depending on the pathotype of the virus, the dose, the host strain, the age of the host, the coexistence of other microorganisms, the environmental conditions and the immune status of the wing
Generally, young chickens are more sensitive than elderly people and the disease is acute
Vertical transmission is controversial.

9. Resistance to environmental conditions of virus
The NDV's resistance to environmental conditions varies among strains.
In general, the total activity of the virus is 1 min at 100 ° C. it disappears in.
Infactivity 5 min at 56 ° C. to 6 hours, at 37 ° C for hours and days, at 20 and 8 ° C for months and years.
The virus stays stable between pH 2-8 for hours.
Protect your life more than 1 month in infected feces

10. Spread of virus
Spreading among the wings is by inhalation of the agent. In addition, contamination can also be formed from the digestive tract. However, this kind of transmission is quite slow.

11. Human and equipment movements Movements of poultry products
Spread of virus-2
Effective factors
Movement of live birds
Human and equipment movements
Movements of poultry products
Feed and water
Airborne propagation
Non-poultry carriers

12. Sensitive individuals
Human ND
Sensitive individuals
Consumers (rare)
Poultry and slaughterhouse workers
Veterinarians
Vaccination staff
Laboratory staff
Symptoms
conjunctivitis
Headache
Influenza symptoms

13. Incubation period
In natural infections it is 2-15 days (average 5-6 days). Clinical manifestations depend on the pathogen of the virus, including host type, age, immune status of the crawl, secondary infection, environmental conditions, social stress, virulence, and entry route.
In some pathogenic viral infections (VVNDV), clinical signs start suddenly and show high mortality.

14. Clinic
Signs of serious respiratory system are noticed in the disease. Edema is seen around the eyes, in the beards and especially in the eyes. Green diarrhea before the death, tremor in the muscles, torticollis, paralysis in the legs and wings, opistotonus can be seen. Chickens in the egg period show thinning of egg shells, opening of color, eggs without crust, and serious drop in egg yield. Mortality can reach high levels.

15. Clinic-2
Visserotropic velogenic NDV infection causes sudden onset of disease, with high mortality without any clinical signs. Mortality can be up to 100%.
In the form of the neurotrophic velogenic pathotype of the disease, a sudden onset of symptoms of the respiratory system emerges nervous after 1-2 days. Egg yield is significantly reduced, but diarrhea is usually absent. Morbitide can reach 100% in mortality, 10-50% in adults and 90% in young people.

16. Clinic-3
Mesogenic strains usually cause respiratory infections in field conditions. In adults, a decrease in egg yield is observed for several weeks. Neurological signs can be seen, but not general. Mortality is usually low, but very young are very susceptible. It may be more affected by bad poultry conditions.
Lentogenic strains (vaccine strains) generally do not cause a problem in adults. In young people, it can cause respiratory system infections ranging from mild to serious. Death may occur with bacterial agents.

17. Clinic-4
Hinds are as sensitive as ND birds to chickens. Clinical findings, however, are lighter than chickens.
Ducks and geese can resist very virulent strains for chickens and clinical signs may not be seen.
Pigeons and ornamental birds are very sensitive to the disease and severe clinical signs can be formed.

18. Lesions
Macroscopic lesions may not occur during acute infections. Generally, VVNDV infections are distinguished from NVNDV infections by hemorrhages in the digestive system. Bleeding and necrosis are noted in the proventriculus, the small intestine, the small intestine and the tonsils.
Other systems have symptoms that are not obvious.

19. Lesions-2
Bleeding in the trachea and air sacs are seen catarrhal and caseous exudate.
Degeneration of the egg follicles and bleeding in the reproductive tract can be seen in turkeys and chickens during egg period.
In some cases necrotic foci can be observed in the spleen and liver.

20. Differential diagnosis
Avian influenza
Infectious bronchitis
Infectious laringotracheitis
Avian pneumovirus infections
Infectious coryza
Chicken colander
Chronic respiratory tract infection
aspergillosis
Avian encephalomyelitis
Marek's disease
Vitamin deficiencies (Riboflavin, E and vitamin A)

21. Diagnosis
Material: Materials from respiratory and digestive systems are used. The faeces should be sent to the laboratory as cloacal swabs, trachea, tracheal swabs isolation material.
Virus isolation: ETY, DK
Pathogenicity tests of isolated virus: MDT, ICPI, IVPI
Virus direct diagnosis: RT-PCR, RT-PCR / RFLP

22. Diagnosis-2
Serological methods: Although the diagnostic value is low, it is beneficial to regulate immune control and vaccination programs, especially after vaccination. For this purpose, HI and ELISA are among the most commonly used methods.
Typing with monoclonal antibodies: Typing isolated ND viruses using monoclonal antibody panel is important for providing epidemiological information.

23. When the disease is detected;
Control of disease outbreak cluster
Notification required
Quarantine application
What to do according to ND regulations provisions
Full implementation of Protection Control measures
Removing the quarantine
Follow-up of the disease in the region
Epidemiological investigations
Typing of isolated viruses

24. Protection and Control
MEASURES
It should be taken at three stages, international, national and poultry level.

25. Protection and Control
VACCINATION
Vaccine-sensitive wings, which constitute the first step of the protection phase, are immunized with virus. Measures to be taken following this practice include measures to prevent spread of the virus to the environment.
Supports vaccination, biosecurity, hygiene and good management, is never an alternative to these practices
Vaccinations can also be seen in vaccinated herds, and these animals produce viruses in small quantities and spread them around. This stop should be considered.

26. PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS

27. Pneumovırus Infectıons. Swollen headache (SHS) in chickens
Pneumovırus Infectıons Swollen headache (SHS) in chickens Hindi rhinotrahitis (TRT) Swollen headache is particularly effective in broilers Chickens of all ages are susceptible to disease Clinically, in animals, opistotonus, incoordination, rotation of the head Morbitide low mortality Decrease in egg yield Poultry conditions (lack of ventilation, dust and ammonia) and secondary bacterial factors increase the severity of the infection