1. Reading Models A reading model is
a reasonable framework that provides a general understanding of the reading comprehension process.
创思英语：

2. Reading Models
Reading Process
Two Analogies
Reading Models
阅读理解过程 类比

3. Reading Process Start with a purpose and plan Preview and predict
Simplify complex sentences
Identify cohesive devices
Make inferences
Summarize information
Recognize the topic sentence
Look for the thesis statement
Work out the text structure
Review the text
Reflect on the writing
Pre-reading
In-reading
阅读的层次，包括read the lines, read between the lines 和read beyond the lines (plain sense reading, deductive reading, projective reading
Reading a text in a foreign language is a very complex process. It involves a variety of skills, ranging from what Neville Grant calls “plain sense reading” through “deductive reading” to “projective reading” (Grant 1987). Plain sense reading, according to Grant, requires nothing more than what the term implies – i.e. the ability to understand what is stated in a text. Deductive reading involves the ability to draw inferences – deductions – from what is stated in a text. Or, in Grant’s words, learners should be able to do more than just “read the lines”: they should be able to “read between the lines”. Projective reading, finally, involves the ability to relate a text to one’s personal opinions, knowledge, imagination, and experience. Learners should be able to “read beyond the lines” (Grant 1987:61).
Post-reading

4. An analogy
Examine the following mazes and try to interpret the reading comprehension process by analogy.
Maze puzzle
That is, in what way is reading comprehension different from or similar to the solution of a maze?

5. Another analogy
Examine the following map and try to interpret in another way the reading comprehension process by analogy.
That is, in what way is reading comprehension different from or similar to finding the way to your destination?
地图 目的地 夫子庙 金陵科技学院 Confucius Temple

6. Reading Models The bottom-up model The top-down model
Although there are many models of reading, reading researchers tend to classify them into three kinds：
The bottom-up model 1. 2.
The top-down model
播放时逐一点击序号
The interactive model 3.
Guess what they assume respectively.

7. The bottom-up model Emphasizes the written or printed text
Says reading is driven by text
Says comprehension begins by processing the smallest linguistic unit, and working toward larger units
Proceeds from part to whole
自下而上模式
What do you think of this model?

8. The top-down model
Emphasizes what the reader brings to the text, such as prior knowledge and experiences
Says comprehension begins in the mind of the reader, who already has some ideas about the meaning of the text
Says meaning is brought to print, not derived from print
Proceeds from whole to part
自上而下模式
What do you think of this model?

9. The interactive model
Recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process.
suggests that the reader constructs meaning by the selective use of information from all sources of meaning without adherence to any one set order.
uses print as input and has meaning as output. But the reader provides input, too, and the reader, interacting with the text, is selective in using just as little of the cues from text as necessary to construct meaning.
交互模式
What do you think of this model?