1. Coagulation cascade influenced by renal dysfunction and mechanisms of action of oral anticoagulants.
Coagulation cascade influenced by renal dysfunction and mechanisms of action of oral anticoagulants. The dashed red lines show a negative effect, whereas the dashed green lines show a positive effect on the indicated reaction. The factors in red are decreased in CKD, whereas the factors in green are increased. The new oral anticoagulants and warfarin are boxed. GP1b/IX, glyoprotein 1b/factor IX; GSA, guanidinosuccinic acid; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PF3, platelet factor 3; PGI2, prostacyclin; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; TxA2, thromboxane A2.
Peter A. McCullough et al. CJASN 2016;11:
©2016 by American Society of Nephrology