1. Science and Marine Biology
Chapter 1

2. Science and Marine Biology
Ocean and Marine Organisms
- Ocean covers over 70% of the earth
- Affects global weather patterns
- Provides food and vital resources

3. Science and Marine Biology
Productivity – the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of organisms the ocean can support
Leading area of research in marine ecology
Over 80 million metric tons of marine fish and shellfish harvested annually

4. Science and Marine Biology
Study of the Sea
Oceanography: the study of the oceans and their phenomena
Marine Biology: the study of organisms and their reactions with each other and their environment

5. Science and Marine Biology
Oceanography
Marine Science

6. Science and Marine Biology
Knowledge of Marine Biology:
- Helps us understand how marine organisms relate to us
- Helps us understand how human activities affect the marine environment
- Helps conscientious citizens make prudent decisions that involve the sea

7. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
- science has advanced over the years as new technologies have been developed
- Initial studies of marine organisms can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Romans

8. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
- Aristotle – first to develop scheme of classification; “Ladder of life”
- Pliny the Elder
– Roman naturalist;
works in Natural History

9. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
Modern Day studies began with Captain James Cook ( )
Discovery voyages for the British navy
Mapped much of the World’s uncharted waters
Circumnavigated the World 2x
Logged descriptions of plants and animals unknown to mankind

10. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
modern sciences of oceanography and marine biology continued in 18th and 19th century: Jean-Baptiste Lemark, Georges Cuvier, Charles Darwin

11. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
HMS Beagle 1831 – Charles Darwin; observations of atolls
1859 – On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection

12. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
modern sciences of oceanography and marine biology originated with the Challenger expedition in the 19th century
1876 – 4,700 new species collected
Plankton – term for organisms that drift in ocean current, coined in 1887

13. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
30,000 Pages
Life below 550m
4,717 new species
Discovered mid-Atlantic ridge
Map of bottom deposits and main contours of the ocean basins

14. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
- First marine laboratory 1859 funded by the college of France
-Station Biologique de Roscoff

15. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
-Collection station in Woods Hole

16. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
- First marine laboratory in US was founded by Louis Agassiz in 1873; purpose of helping teachers improve their teaching methods

17. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
- Woods Hole Marine Biological Lab was established in by Alpheus Hyatt, a student of Agassiz
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute was established in 1930

18. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
-In 1903 and Independent lab established by UC professor Dr. William E. Ritter was named Scripps Institution of Oceanography
-has become world leading

19. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
- In early 20th century, expeditions were mounted to study the Arctic and Antarctic seas and their inhabitants
- Marine laboratories play a vital role in both marine and basic biological research

20. Science and Marine Biology
History of Changing Perspectives
-Technology has played a huge role
-HMS Challenger: Bathysphere
-1960 Decent in the Mariana Trench of the Challenger Deep using Trieste, a bathyscape

21. Submersibles
Darkness, cold, and crushing pressures have challenged the most experienced engineers to develop submersibles that descend to seafloor depths that are not safe for divers, allowing us to explore the deep ocean firsthand, make detailed observations, and collect samples of unexplored ecosystems.
Vessels
From onboard equipment to collect weather and ocean information to divers, submersibles, and other observations deployed from a ship, vessels are arguably the most critical tool for scientists when it comes to exploring the ocean.

22. Systems & Sensors
Scientists rely on an array of tools to collect weather and ocean observations such as water temperatures and salinities, the shape of the seafloor, and the speed of currents. Using tools to record and monitor water column conditions and to collect samples for analyses allows scientists to enhance our understanding of the ocean.
Communication Technologies
Technologies that allow scientists to collaborate and transmit data more quickly and to a greater number of users are changing the way that we explore. From telepresence to shipboard computers, these technologies are increasing the pace, efficiency, and scope of ocean exploration.
Diving Technologies
When depths are not too great or conditions are not too unsafe, divers can descend into the water to explore the ocean realm. It is only through relatively recent advances in technology that this type of exploration has been possible.