1. Understanding how the cell works
Micro life
Understanding how the cell works

2. Advantages in Cell Structure
Small size allows for EASY ACCESS for Nutrients and waste removal (Osmosis and Diffusion)
Cells can become specialized to perform certain tasks
Multicellular animals have better survival chance; (If you are single celled organism with cell flaw or cell damaged you die: Prokaryote/bacteria)
In multicellular organisms cells can replaced when damaged: However, the more complex the organism the less “regeneration”
Specialized Cells create more complex organisms and organs with better abilities: however, harder to repair when damaged and some can be not be repaired: Nerve, Brain cells in humans

3. 2 Factors which limit cell’s size
1. Cell Volume- the space that the cells physically fills
2. Surface Area- area of the cell’s surface which interacts with the environment around the cell
The ratio of cell’s S.A. to its volume is what limits the cell size
The reason is that diffusion or osmosis will not work well when volume of cell out grows it’s S.A.

4. Cell Life Stages G 1 Stage S Stage G 2 Stage Cell increases in size
Organelles double
New Cytoplasm forms
Cell functions Normally
All Genetic Material is replicated
Twin Chromosomes then form an attachment poit called a centromere
Cell begins the process of Mitosis or cell Division
Nucleus Disappears and Chromosomes become visible
Centrioles appear and Spindle Fibers as well

5. Steps of Mitosis Interphase- nucleus disappears and chromosomes appear
Prophase- Chromosomes move to center of cell; Centrioles move to opposite ends
Metaphase- Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes in middle of cell
Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of cell (centrioles)
Telophase- Chromosomes, centrioles, and spindle fibers disappear; nucleus reforms and cell splits its cytoplasm to make 2 new “daughter” cells (cytokinesis)

6. Cellular Respiration
Use of Nutrients in a cell to provide energy for the cell to function

7. What is Diffusion Diffusion is how cell’s breathe
Works through Cell Membrane- “Gatekeeper of the cell”
Oxygen gas naturally want to go inside cell because cell contains a lower amount of oxygen inside:
Carbon Dioxide naturally want to leave cell because of high levels of Carbon Dioxide inside cell and low amount outside

8. What is Osmosis?
Natural flow of water across and through the cell membrane
Allows for nutrients to enter and leave cell without using energy
Energy then can be reserved for specialized functions/abilities

9. Passive Transport
Requires no energy to move material throughout the cell
Diffusion and Osmosis are forms of Passive Transport

10. Active Transport
Energy is required to allow material enter the cell membrane . Nutrients that are not water dissolved in water must be brought in this way into the cell:
Example would be an Amoeba engulfing its food (single celled organism) or the use of cilia to cause food to enter cell membrane for digestion in the vacuoles