1. Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing
Ninth Edition
Chapter 8
Understanding Power and Politics
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2. Learning Outcomes 8.1 Differentiate between power and leadership.
8.2 Describe how to use power appropriately.
8.3 Explain how to use shared visioning as a power tool.
8.4 Explore the relationships among power, politics, and policy.
8.5 Summarize ways nurses can influence nursing’s future.

3. Key Terms (1 of 3) Coercive power Connection power Expert power
Information power
Legitimate power

4. Key Terms (2 of 3)
Personal power
Policy
Politics
Position power
Power

5. Key Terms (3 of 3) Power plays Referent power Reward power
Shared visioning
Stakeholders
Vision

6. Introduction Power is the potential ability to influence others
Symmetrical power
Two parties have equal and reciprocal power.
Asymmetrical power
One person or group has more control than another.
Power can be exclusive to one party or may be shared among many people or groups.

7. Differentiate between power and leadership.
Learning Outcome 8.1
Differentiate between power and leadership.

8. Power and Leadership (1 of 7)
Principle-centered power
Based on honor, respect, loyalty, and commitment
Model congruent with nursing’s values
Power sharing flows from values and principles
Leadership power
Comes from the ability to sustain proactive influence.

9. Power and Leadership (2 of 7)
Nurses must understand and select behaviors that activate principle-centered leadership
Get to know people.
Be open.
Know your values and visions.
Sharpen your interpersonal competence.
Use your power to enable others.
Enlarge your sphere of influence and connectedness.

10. Power and Leadership (3 of 7)
Power: How Managers and Leaders Get Things Done
Leader’s use of power alters attitudes and behavior by addressing individual needs and motivations.
Seven generally accepted types of interpersonal power used in organizations to influence others:
Reward
Based on the inducements the manager can offer in exchange for cooperation and contributions

11. Power and Leadership (4 of 7)
Coercive
Based on the penalties a manager might impose on an individual or a group
Legitimate
Stems from manager’s right to make a request because of authority associated with job and rank
Expert
Based on possession of unique skills, knowledge, and competence

12. Power and Leadership (5 of 7)
Referent
Based on admiration and respect
Information
Based on access to valued data
Connection
Based on an individual’s formal and informal links to influential or prestigious persons inside and outside an area or organization

13. Power and Leadership (6 of 7)
Position power
Determined by:
Job description
Assigned responsibilities
Recognition
Advancement
Authority
Ability to withhold money
Decision making
Legitimate, coercive, and reward power are positional.

14. Power and Leadership (7 of 7)
Personal Power
Refers to:
Credibility
Reputation
Expertise
Experience
Control of resources or information
Ability to build trust
Expert, referent, information, and connection power are based, for the most part, on personal traits.

15. Describe how to use power appropriately.
Learning Outcome 8.2
Describe how to use power appropriately.

16. Using Power (1 of 11) Some nurses still consider power unattractive.
Negative association of power with aggression and coercion remains strong
Power grabbing
Traditionally accepted means of relating to power for one’s own self-interests and use
Nurses tend to be more comfortable with power sharing and empowerment.

17. Using Power (2 of 11) Image as Power
A powerful image enhances the ability to achieve goals.
Images emerge from interactions and communications with others.
Positive interactions create a strong, favorable image for the individual and the profession.

18. Using Power (3 of 11)
Individual nurses can promote an image of power by a variety of means.
Introduce yourself by saying your name, using eye contact, and shaking hands.
Dress appropriately.
Attire can symbolize power and success.
Convey a positive and energetic attitude.
Pay attention to how you speak and how you act when you speak.
Nonverbal signs and signals say more about you than words.

19. Using Power (4 of 11)
Use facts and figures when you need to demonstrate your point.
Patient acuity, daily census, length of stay, and overtime budgets
Data that reflect nursing's overall contribution
Become visible, be available, and offer assistance.
Knowing when to be at the right place at the right time is crucial for gaining access to key personnel in the organization.

20. Using Power (5 of 11)
When dealing with people outside of nursing, it is important to develop powerful partnerships.
Make it a point to get to know the people who matter in your sphere of influence.
The more power you use, the more you get.
Know who holds the power.
Identify key power brokers.
Develop a strategy for gaining access to power brokers.
Develop a keen sense of timing.

21. Using Power (6 of 11) Powerful people have a keen sense of timing.
Be sure to position yourself to be at the right place at the right time.
Use power appropriately to promote consensus in organizational goals.
By capitalizing on the special relationship that nurses have with patients, they can enhance their position and image as professional caregivers.

22. Using Power (7 of 11)
Nursing’s goal is to ensure that identified markets have a clear understanding of what nursing is.
Nursing is seen as a profession that gives expert care with a scientific knowledge base.
Nursing care is often seen as an indicator of an organization’s overall quality.

23. Using Power (8 of 11) Using Power Appropriately
The way power is used has a lasting effect on relationships.
Best to use least amount of power necessary.
Use power appropriate to the situation.
Improper use of power can destroy a manager’s effectiveness.
Power can be overused or underused.
Power plays
Attempts to diminish or demolish one’s opponents.

24. Using Power (9 of 11)
Nursing must perceive power for what it really is.
The ability to mobilize and focus energy and resources
Power is the means, not the end, to seek new ways of doing things in this uncertain and unsettling time in healthcare.

25. Using Power (10 of 11) Rules for Using Power
Use the least amount of power you can to be effective in your interactions with others.
Use power appropriate to the situation.
Learn when not to use power.
Focus on the problem, not the person.

26. Using Power (11 of 11) Make polite requests, never arrogant demands.
Use coercion only when other methods do not work.
Keep informed to retain your credibility when using your expert power.
Understand you may owe a return favor when you use your connection power.

27. Explain how to use shared visioning as a power tool.
Learning Outcome 8.3
Explain how to use shared visioning as a power tool.

28. Shared Visioning as a Power Tool (1 of 3)
Interactive process in which leaders and followers commit to the organization's goals
Vision
Mental model of a possible future

29. Shared Visioning as a Power Tool (2 of 3)
A shared vision of an organization achieves the following:
Drives the organization’s future
Determines future goals
Makes implementing the necessary, and often difficult, changes easier
Provides a benchmark to evaluate future projects
Encourages both administrators and staff to accomplish goals
Inspires and challenges both leaders and followers

30. Shared Visioning as a Power Tool (3 of 3)
Integrated leadership styles essential to success
Innovation necessary to effect positive change
Leader helps guide group toward desired vision

31. Explore the relationships among power, politics, and policy.
Learning Outcome 8.4
Explore the relationships among power, politics, and policy.

32. Power, Politics, and Policy (1 of 8)
The art of influencing others to achieve a goal
Encompasses the following:
Is an interpersonal endeavor
Is a collective activity
Requires analysis and planning
Involves image

33. Power, Politics, and Policy (2 of 8)
Nursing's Political History
Political activities
Began with Florence Nightingale
Continued with nursing schools and women's suffrage
Improved with establishment of nursing organizations
Feminism movement
Policy
The decision that determines action
Policies result from political action.

34. Power, Politics, and Policy (3 of 8)
Using Political Skills to Influence Policies
Political skill is a vital skill for nurses to acquire.
Adhere to the following to improve your political skill:
Learn self-promotion.
Report your accomplishments appropriately.
Be honest and tell the truth.
Say what you mean and mean what you say.
Use compliments.
Recognize others’ accomplishments.

35. Power, Politics, and Policy (4 of 8)
Adhere to the following to improve your political skill:
Discourage gossip
Silence is the best response.
Learn and use quid pro quo.
Do and ask for favors.
Remember: Appearance matters.
Attend to grooming and attire.
Use good manners.
Be courteous.

36. Power, Politics, and Policy (5 of 8)
Identify the stakeholders
People or groups who have a direct interest in the work of an organization
Piggyback on their ideas.
Political action in the community
Start telling supporters about the idea.
See if they will join with you in a coalition.

37. Power, Politics, and Policy (6 of 8)
Steps in Political Action
Determine what you want.
Learn about the players and what they want.
Gather supporters and form coalitions.
Be prepared to answer opponents.
Explain how what you want can help them.

38. Power, Politics, and Policy (7 of 8)
Influencing Public Policies
Workplace depends upon and influences what is happening in the larger community, professional organizations, and government all interact.
Developing influence in each of these three groups takes time and a long-range plan of action.
Be respectful.
Learn how to communicate with elected officials.
Be prepared to meet with elected officials.

39. Power, Politics, and Policy (8 of 8)
How to Work with Public Officials
Be respectful.
Build relationships.
Keep in touch.
Arrive informed.
Understand the issue.
Be a constructive opponent.
Be realistic.
Be helpful.

40. Summarize ways nurses can influence nursing’s future.
Learning Outcome 8.5
Summarize ways nurses can influence nursing’s future.

41. How Nurses Can Influence the Future (1 of 2)
Convert policy ideas into political realities using the following power points:
Use persuasion over coercion.
Persuasion is the ability to share reasons and rationale when making a strong case for your position while maintaining a genuine respect for another’s perspective.
Use patience over impatience.
Impatience in the nursing community can be detrimental.

42. How Nurses Can Influence the Future (2 of 2)
Convert policy ideas into political realities using the following power points:
Be open-minded rather than closed-minded.
Use compassion over confrontation.
It takes genuine care and concern to change course and make corrections.
Use integrity over dishonesty.
Control, manipulation, and malice must be pushed aside for change to occur.

43. Copyright