1. What You’ll Learn 1. Describe how cancerous cells grow and spread.
2. Describe the basic facts about common types of cancers.
3. Practice ways to reduce the risk of cancer.
4. Discuss different treatment procedures for cancer.

2. Key Terms cancer tumor benign tumor malignant tumor metastasis
ultraviolet (UV) radiation
malignant melanoma
radon
basal cell carcinoma
chemotherapy

3. Cancer
All cells in a person’s body usually divide in an orderly pattern to produce more cells.
This enables the body to grow and repair itself.
Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells divide in an uncontrolled manner.

4. What to Know About Cancer
How cancer forms 
When cells divide in an uncontrolled manner, they can form a tumor.
A tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue.
A benign tumor is a tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body.
A malignant tumor is a tumor that is cancerous and may spread to other parts of the body.

5. What to Know About Cancer
How cancer forms 
Metastasis is the spread of cancer.
Cancer cells can break away from a malignant tumor, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and form new tumors in other parts of the body.

6. What to Know About Cancer
Causes of cancer 
Cancer is not contagious.
Cancer also is not caused by an injury, such as a bump or bruise.
Although the causes of cancer are not completely understood, many risk factors for cancer have been identified.

7. What to Know About Cancer
How cancer is detected
Many types of cancer can be prevented or successfully treated when detected early.
Regular physical examinations, self-examinations, and being aware of risk factors for and signs and symptoms of cancer can improve the chance that cancer will be detected early.

9. A Guide to Common Cancers
There are many different types of cancer.
Cancers are categorized by their risk factors, signs and symptoms, and early detection.
Many kinds of cancer can be treated and cured if detected early.

10. Early Detection of Cancer
Early prevention of cancer
– Examination of the bladder by a physician can aid in early detection for bladder cancer.
– Regular dental and physical checkups plus watching for symptoms can help detect oral cancer.
People can reduce their risk of skin cancer by doing a monthly skin self-examination and by noticing changes in their skin and moles.

11. Early Detection of Cancer
Early prevention of cancer
– Women can reduce their risk of breast cancer by controlling their weight through diet and exercise, doing monthly breast self- exams, having a physical exam every three years for women 20 to 40 and every year for women over 40, and having a mammogram every 1–2 years beginning at age 40.
– Women can reduce their risk of cervical cancer and endrometrial cancer by having regular pelvic examinations and Pap smears.

12. Early Detection of Cancer
Early prevention of cancer
– People can help reduce their risk of prostate cancer (for men) and colon and rectal cancer (for men and women) by having an annual rectal examination after age 40 and having an annual blood test after age 50 (for colon and rectal cancer, an annual stool blood test).

13. Early Detection of Cancer
Early prevention of cancer
– For some types of cancer, including Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s disease, there are no early detection tests available.
– Early detection is difficult for leukemia because symptoms often appear late in the disease.
Lung cancer often is detected late in the disease with chest X rays and an examination of bronchial tubes and mucus.

14. Early Detection of Cancer
Early prevention of cancer
– Ovarian cancer also is difficult to detect early because symptoms often are attributed to other conditions.
– Pancreatic cancer can be detected late in the disease with ultrasound imaging and CT scans.

15. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Bladder
Cigarette smoking, air pollution, exposure to industrial chemicals
Increased frequency of urination, weight loss and loss of appetite, blood in urine

16. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Breast
Family history of breast cancer, early start of menstruation, late menopause, never having children, late age when first having children
Breast tenderness, lumps or thickenings in the breast, changes in a nipple, discharge from a nipple, dimpling or puckering of the skin on a breast

17. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Cervical
Early age at first sexual intercourse, having multiple sexual partners, cigarette smoking, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
Pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal bleeding from the uterus or spotting

18. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Colon and rectal
Family history of colorectal cancer, polyps in the colon or rectum, inflammatory bowel disease, high-fat and low-fiber diet, physical inactivity
Changes in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea), bleeding in the rectum, blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss

19. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Endometrial
Obesity, early start of menstruation, late menopause, family history of infertility, failure to ovulate, use of estrogen drugs
Pain, weight loss, irregular menstrual cycles, abnormal vaginal bleeding after menopause

20. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Lymphoma: Hodgkin’s disease 
Largely unknown, reduced immune function, exposure to certain infectious agents
Enlarged lymph nodes, unexplained fever, unexplained weight loss, itching, fatigue, night sweats

21. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Leukemia
Exposure to radiation, exposure to certain chemicals, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus: Type I, cigarette smoking
Fever, weight loss, fatigue, easy bleeding, repeated infections, enlarged lymph nodes, swelling of liver and spleen

22. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Lung
Cigarette smoking; air pollution; exposure to secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon, industrial chemicals, or radiation; family history of lung cancer
Chronic coughing, blood in mucus, wheezing, chest pain, weight loss, hoarseness, shortness of breath, recurring pneumonia or bronchitis

23. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Oral
Chewing tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, smoking and using drugs multiplies the risk
Lump or thickening in the mouth, leukoplakia, bad breath, loose teeth, pain, a sore that bleeds easily and doesn’t heal in the mouth, difficulty chewing and swallowing

24. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Ovarian
Never having children, family history of ovarian cancer, increased risk with age
Enlarged abdomen, abdominal pain and discomfort, abnormal vaginal bleeding

25. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Pancreatic
Cigarette smoking, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, cirrhosis of the liver, high-fat diet
Weight loss, pain, change in bowel habits

26. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Prostate
Risk increases with age, high-fat diet, family history of prostate cancer, highest incidence among African-Americans
Frequent urination; painful or burning urination; weak or interrupted urine flow; bloody urine; persistent pain in the back, hips, or pelvis

27. A Guide to Common Cancers
Type of Cancer
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Skin
Exposure to UV radiation, tanning booths, coal, tar, pitch, creosote, arsenic, or radium; repeated sunburn; fair complexion; family history of skin cancer
Changes in skin pigmentation; skin sores that do not heal; pain, tenderness, or itchiness of the skin; changes in the size, shape, color, thickness, or number of moles

28. Reducing Your Risk
Some risk factors for cancer cannot be controlled.
However, almost all cancers are associated with choices over which people do have control.

29. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Know the warning signs of cancer. There are common warning signs that may indicate cancer.
– Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

30. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Choose a tobacco-free lifestyle. 
– Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of cancer death.
Tobacco products contain many carcinogens. A carcinogen is a chemical that causes cancer.
Using tobacco products and being exposed to secondhand smoke are leading causes of cancer death.

31. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
How can you reduce your risk of developing lung cancer?

32. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Protect yourself from UV radiation. 
– Ultraviolet, or UV, radiation is a type of radiation that comes from the Sun and also is emitted by sunlamps and tanning booths.
– Repeated exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of skin cancer, including malignant melanoma.
Malignant melanoma is the form of skin cancer that is most often fatal.

33. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Protect yourself from UV radiation. 
– Avoid exposure to the sun between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.
– If you are in the sun, wear protective clothing and use sunscreen lotions that have a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15.
Never use a tanning booth or a sunlamp.
Check your skin regularly and consult your physician if you notice any abnormal growths.

34. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Follow Dietary Guidelines. 
– Eat a variety of foods so that your body has a combination of nutrients.
Maintain desirable weight. 
– People who are overweight and have a high percentage of body fat are more at risk for developing cancer.

35. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Avoid drinking alcohol. 
– Drinking alcohol increases the risk of cancer of the liver, throat, mouth, breast, and stomach.
Avoid exposure to dangerous chemicals and airborne fibers.
– Wear rubber gloves, a mask, and protective clothing when exposed to dangerous chemicals or airborne fibers.

36. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Avoid air pollution.
Avoid the exhaust from cars, buses, and trucks, and have your home tested for radon.
Radon is an odorless, colorless, radioactive gas that is released by rocks and soil.
Radon can collect and be trapped in basements and crawl spaces.
Inhaling radon can increase the risk of lung cancer.

37. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Avoid infection with HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). 
Many people who are infected with HIV develop Kaposi’s sarcoma and other cancers.
People who have genital warts are at increased risk for cervical cancer.
Choose abstinence to reduce your risk of cancer.

38. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Know your family’s cancer history. 
Some cancers, such as breast, colon, and ovarian cancers, occur more frequently in certain families.
If a family member or other relative has had cancer, have regular cancer checkups and keep your physician informed.

39. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Reducing the Risk of the Most Common Cancer: Skin Cancer
Skin cancer often begins to develop in young people who are overexposed to the sun for many years.
Skin cancer is most easily detected because it is plainly visible to the eye.
There are three types of skin cancer.

40. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Reducing the Risk of the Most Common Cancer: Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer.
It develops on sun-exposed areas of the body in the form of a small, round, raised red spot.
It is almost always cured if discovered early.

41. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Reducing the Risk of the Most Common Cancer: Skin Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common skin cancer, also occurs on the parts of the body exposed to the sun.
It is a slower growing cancer with a tendency to spread to other parts of the body.
The use of tanning beds significantly increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

42. What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk
Reducing the Risk of the Most Common Cancer: Skin Cancer
Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer.
It appears as a mole that changes its appearance and attacks other body parts.
Most skin cancers can be prevented by avoiding the sun and wearing a sunscreen with a sun protection factor of at least 15.

43. Treatment Approaches
Treatment for cancer depends on the type of cancer, how much the cancer has spread, the location of the cancer, and the patient’s choice of treatment.
Common treatment approaches for cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.

44. What to Know About Treatment Approaches
Surgery
The most common treatment for cancer is surgery.
If tumors are confined to a particular site, physicians may remove the cancerous tissue from the body.
If tumors are spread out, surgery is more difficult to perform.

45. What to Know About Treatment Approaches
Radiation therapy 
Treatment of cancer with high-energy radiation to kill or damage cancer cells is radiation therapy.
Radiation therapy may produce side effects, such as fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.

46. What to Know About Treatment Approaches
Chemotherapy 
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with anticancer drugs.
These drugs kill cancer inside the body.
Chemotherapy works mainly on cancer cells. However, healthy cells can be harmed as well.
Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue.

47. What to Know About Treatment Approaches
Immunotherapy 
Immunotherapy is a process in which the immune system is stimulated to fight cancer cells.
Immunotherapy involves injecting patients with cancer cells that have been made harmless by radiation or injecting patients with other substances that stimulate the immune system.

49. Study Guide 1. Identify the following statements as true or false.
_______ Basal cell carcinoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer.
_______ When cells divide in an uncontrolled manner, they can form a tumor.
_______ The most common treatment for cancer is surgery.
_______ The use of tanning beds significantly increases the risk of malignant melanoma.
false
true

50. 2D
Study Guide
2. Fill in the blank with the appropriate term from the lesson.
A. Treatment of cancer with high-energy radiation to kill or damage cancer cells is _______________.
B. ______________ is a process in which the immune system is stimulated to fight cancer cells.
C. ______________ is difficult to detect early because symptoms often are attributed to other conditions.
radiation therapy
Immunotherapy
Ovarian cancer

51. 1I, 2D, 6B
Study Guide
3. Identify three cancers that are difficult to detect early.
Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s disease, leukemia, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer are examples of cancers that are difficult to detect early.

52. End of the Lesson

53. Lesson Resources
tx.healthmh.com/cancer
tx.healthmh.com/study_guide

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