1. Molecular mechanisms of action of systemic lidocaine in acute and chronic pain: a narrative review 
Henning Hermanns, Markus W. Hollmann, Markus F. Stevens, Philipp Lirk, Timo Brandenburger, Tobias Piegeler, Robert Werdehausen 
British Journal of Anaesthesia 
Volume 123, Issue 3, Pages (September 2019)
DOI: /j.bja
Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Chemical structure of lidocaine, relevant metabolites, and similar molecules.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /j.bja )
Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Graphical representation of known pharmacological targets of lidocaine. All concentrations are given as lowest known half-maximal effective concentration, except for the toxicity thresholds. Only selected targets, which are being discussed in this review article, are displayed. Please refer to the main text for references. ASIC, acid-sensing ion channel; HCN, hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel; KCNK, potassium channel subfamily K member; Kir2.x, inward rectifier potassium channel; Kv, voltage-gated potassium channels; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; Nav, voltage-gated sodium channel; NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; P2X7, P2X purinoceptor 7; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1; VGCC, voltage-gated calcium channel; 2PK, two-pore domain potassium channels; 5-HT3, 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /j.bja )
Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions