1. Cartilage

2. Cartilaginous structures include:
1. Cartilage in the external ear
2. Cartilages in the nose
3. Articular cartilages, which cover the ends of most bones at movable joints
4. Costal cartilages, which connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
Cartilaginous structures include:

3. Cartilaginous structures include:
5. Cartilages in the larynx (voice box), including the epiglottis, a flap that keeps food from entering the larynx and the lungs
6. Cartilages that hold open the air tubes of the respiratory system
7. Cartilage in the discs between the vertebrae
8. Cartilage in the pubic symphysis
9. Cartilages that form the articular discs within certain movable joints, the meniscus in the knee for example

4. ​Cartilage Primary cell type = chondrocytes
These chondrocytes are found inside small cavities called lacunae.
The extracellular matrix contains gel- like ground substance and either collagen and/or elastin fibers.

5. Chondrocytes
These chondrocytes make all of the fibers and ground substance, that together form the matrix of cartilage.
The fibers found in the matrix of cartilage include collagen and elastin. These fibers function to cushion and support body structures.
The ground substance of cartilage is made up of a gel-like substance that holds large amounts of water, which allows it to act as a cushion.

6. ​Cartilage Cartilage is mainly (~80%) water
Cartilage contains no nerves
Cartilage has no blood vessels
​Cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium

7. Perichondrium
The matrix is produced by chondroblasts (immature chondrocytes).
Chondroblasts that exist in the perichondrium don't have lacunae.
The surfaces of most of the cartilage in your body is surrounded by a membrane of dense irregular connective tissue called perichondrium.
Chondrocytes that are outside of the perichondrium are surrounded by a space called a lacuna (lacunae for plural).

8. Perichondrium
Cartilage does not contain blood vessels or nerves except for the area of the perichondrium.
The perichondrium contains the blood vessels which provide nutrients to the cartilage.
Nutrients diffuse from the perichondrium, through the matrix, to reach the cartilage cells.
Since diffusion is limited over great distances, the cartilage must remain relatively thin.

10. Cartilage of the Skeleton
Cartilage is divided into 3 types;
1) Hyaline cartilage
2) Elastic cartilage
3) Fibrocartilage
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage provide the initial structure that forms the developing skeleton.

12. Chondrocytes
All three types of cartilage have the following characteristics:
Consisting of chondrocytes and a matrix of collagen fibers and elastic fibers within a water-rich, gel-like ground substance.

13. Cartilage of the Skeleton: ELASTIC CARTILAGE
In elastic cartilage the cells are closer together creating less intercellular space.

14. Cartilage of the Skeleton: ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Elastic cartilages are similar to hyaline cartilages, with the exception of the addition of elastin fibers to the extracellular matrix.

15. Cartilage of the Skeleton: ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Because of these additional elastin fibers, elastic cartilage has the added ability to stretch and is better able to withstand repetitive bending.

16. Cartilage of the Skeleton: ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Epiglottis
Elastic cartilage is the most rare form of cartilage and is found only in the external ear and the epiglottis.
The epiglottis is the flap that folds down and closes off the opening to the trachea when we swallow, in an effort to prevent food from entering the airways by mistake.
Cartilage of the Skeleton: ELASTIC CARTILAGE

17. Cartilage of the Skeleton: ELASTIC CARTILAGE
This gif shows the action of the epiglottis. When a person swallows, the epiglottis is positioned over the opening to the trachea to prevent food from entering the airways.
Cartilage of the Skeleton: ELASTIC CARTILAGE

18. Cartilage of the Skeleton: HYALINE CARTILAGE
Hyaline cartilage has fewer cells than elastic cartilage; there is more intercellular space.

19. Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage makes up the...
​Articulate cartilage (cartilage of the joints)
Costal cartilages (connects ribs to sternum)
Respiratory Cartilages (larynx, reinforces air passageways)
Nasal Cartilage (supports external structure of the nose)
Hyaline cartilage

20. The chondrocytes is hyaline cartilage are spherical.
The majority of our cartilage is hyaline cartilage. ​Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of long bones as the "articular cartilage" of the joints.
The chondrocytes is hyaline cartilage are spherical.
The matrix only has collagen fibers (no elastin).

21. ​Cartilage
​Ossification or osteogenesis is the process of laying new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.
At birth, a newborn baby has over 300 bones, while on average an adult human has 206 bones.
Ossification or osteogenesis is the process of generating new bone material by precursor cells called osteoblasts.

22. Cartilage grows in two ways...
      
Elastic Cartilage
       Elastic Cartilage
 Elastic cartilages are similar to hyaline cartilages, with the exception of the addition of elastin fibers to the extracellular matrix. Because of these additional elastin fibers, elastic cartilage has the added ability to stretch and is better able to withstand repetitive bending. Elastic cartilage is the most rare form of cartilage and is found only in the external ear and the epiglottis. The epiglottis is the flap that folds down and closes off the opening to the trachea when we swallow, in an effort to prevent food from entering the airways by mistake.  ​
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   The perichondrium contains the blood vessels which provide nutrients to the cartilage. Nutrients diffuse from the perichondrium, through the matrix, to reach the cartilage cells. Since diffusion is limited over great distances, the cartilage must remain relatively thin. 
   The human skeleton is initially made up of cartilages and fibrous membranes, but bone soon replaces most of these early supports. The few cartilages that remain in adults are found mainly in regions where flexible skeletal tissue is needed. ​
Hyaline Cartilage
      
 - The majority of our cartilage is hyaline cartilage. ​Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of long bones as the "articular cartilage" of the joints.  The chondrocytes is hyaline cartilage are spherical. The matrix only has collagen fibers (no elastin). Hyaline cartilage makes up the...
​Articulate cartilage (cartilage of the joints) 
Costal cartilages (connects ribs to sternum)
Respiratory Cartilages (larynx, reinforces air passageways) 
Nasal Cartilage (supports external structure of the nose)
​Embryonic Skeleton - ​​​In development, the embryonic skeleton is mostly hyaline cartilage that later develops into bone. Some of this embryonic hyaline cartilage persists throughout childhood and adolescence. This hyaline cartilage can be seen as the epiphyseal plates or lines (commonly called the growth plates) at the ends of long bones that mark where the growth is occurring.  
                          
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ANATOMY - SAC
Your bones and your cartilage are connective tissues that function as the structural support of the body.
Chondroblasts are immature chondrocytes found in growing cartilage. Chondrocytes are the primary cell type of cartilage. These chondrocytes make all of the fibers and ground substance, that together form the matrix of cartilage. The fibers found in the matrix of cartilage include collagen and elastin. These fibers function to cushion and support body structures.  The ground substance of cartilage is made up of a gel-like substance that holds large amounts of water, which allows it to act as a cushion. 
Cartilage of the Skeleton
Cartilage is divided into 3 types; 1) Hyaline cartilage 2) Elastic cartilage 3) Fibrocartilage
        
            
By Shiloh Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
There are three different types of cartilage: elastic (A), hyaline (B), and fibrous (C). In elastic cartilage the cells are closer together creating less intercellular space. Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear flaps and in parts of the larynx. Hyaline cartilage has fewer cells than elastic cartilage; there is more intercellular space. 
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage provide the initial structure that forms the developing skeleton. All three types of cartilage have the following characteristics:
     
    
​Cartilage is a connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes and a  matrix of collagen fibers and elastic fibers within a water-rich, gel-like ground substance. The matrix is produced by chondroblasts (immature chondrocytes).     The surfaces of most of the cartilage in your body is surrounded by a membrane of dense irregular connective tissue called perichondium.   Chondrocytes that are outside of the perichondrium are surrounded by a space called a lacuna (lacunae for plural).  Chondroblasts that exist in the perichondrium don't have lacunae. Cartilage does not contain blood vessels or nerves except for the area of the perichondrium. 
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Primary cell type = chondrocytes
These chondrocytes are found inside small cavities called lacunae. 
The extracellular matrix contains gel-like ground substance and either collagen and/or elastin fibers.
​Cartilage is mainly (~80%) water.
Cartilage contains no nerves
Cartilage has no blood vessels
​Cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium 
​Fibrocartilage
      Fibrocartilage
​​  Fibrocartilage is the strongest cartilage in our bodies is fibrocartilage. It is highly resistant to compression and has high tensile strength. Fibrocartilage contains parallel rows of alternating chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers.     This type of cartilage is found in areas of our body that undergo a lot of mechanical stress due to compression and tension forces, like our knee joints and invertebral discs. 
The epiphysis (epiphyses, plural) refers to the knobby ends of a long bone. The proximal epiphysis is the knobby end of the long bone that is closer to the trunk of the body, and the distal epiphysis is the knobby end of the long bone that is further away from the trunk of the body,      Each epiphysis is specially shaped to form part of a joint.  The ​joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage which is composed of a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. 
​ Articulate Cartilage is found at the epiphysis of long bones, where  it functions to provide a smooth surface for the gliding motion of the joint. Almost every joint in our bodies contains articulate cartilage. ​
ARTICULATE CARTILAGE
            
Cartilage grows in two ways...
1) In appositional growth (ap″ozish′un-al), cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue. 2) In interstitial growth (in″ter-stish′al), the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.
       
Why do we develop a skeleton made out of cartilage first?
  Our skeleton begins as cartilage. This is because the matrix of bone is hardened and calcified. Unlike the matrix of bone, the matrix of cartilage is a gel-like substance that allows for mitosis to occur. Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis. It is the ideal tissue to use to rapidly lay down the embryonic skeleton and to provide for new skeletal growth.
    
During fetal development, the chondrocytes of cartilage become ossified and the matrix becomes calcified forming bone. Early in gestation, a fetus has a skeleton made out of cartilaginous tissue. The long bones and most other bones gradually  change from cartilage to bone. This process continues well after birth, lasting through the first few years of life. This process is known as endochondral ossification. ​Ossification or osteogenesis is the process of laying new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.
This gif shows the action of the epiglottis. When a person swallows, the epiglottis is positioned over the opening to the trachea to prevent food from entering the airways.
​Cartilage

23. It is highly resistant to compression and has high tensile strength.
Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage is the strongest cartilage in our bodies is fibrocartilage.
It is highly resistant to compression and has high tensile strength.
Fibrocartilage contains parallel rows of alternating chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

24. ARTICULATE CARTILAGE
The epiphysis (epiphyses, plural) refers to the knobby ends of a long bone. The proximal epiphysis is the knobby end of the long bone that is closer to the trunk of the body, and the distal epiphysis is the knobby end of the long bone that is further away from the trunk of the body,

25. Increasing Bone Density
Bones are dynamic structures that respond to applied force over time.
With chronic weight bearing and the forces from daily use and movement, bone mass can be maintained or increased.

26. Fetal skeleton begins as cartilage
Why do we develop a skeleton made out of cartilage first?
This is because the matrix of bone is hardened and calcified.
Unlike the matrix of bone, the matrix of cartilage is a gel-like substance that allows for mitosis to occur.
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis.
It is the ideal tissue to use to rapidly lay down the embryonic skeleton and to provide for new skeletal growth.

27. Fetal skeleton begins as cartilage
During fetal development, the chondrocytes of cartilage become ossified and the matrix becomes calcified forming bone.
Early in gestation, a fetus has a skeleton made out of cartilaginous tissue.
The long bones and most other bones gradually change from cartilage to bone.
This process continues well after birth, lasting through the first few years of life.
This process is known as endochondral ossification

28. Embryonic Skeleton
​​​In development, the embryonic skeleton is mostly hyaline cartilage that later develops into bone.
Some of this embryonic hyaline cartilage persists throughout childhood and adolescence.
This hyaline cartilage can be seen as the epiphyseal plates or lines (commonly called the growth plates) at the ends of long bones that mark where the growth is occurring.

29. Ossification or osteogenesis
At birth, a newborn baby has over 300 bones, while on average an adult human has 206 bones.
Ossification or osteogenesis is the process of generating new bone material by precursor cells called osteoblasts.
Ossification or osteogenesis

30. Most Cartilage Becomes Bone
The human skeleton is initially made up of cartilages and fibrous membranes, but bone soon replaces most of these early supports.
The few cartilages that remain in adults are found mainly in regions where flexible skeletal tissue is needed. ​

31. Two processes result in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue:
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification

32. Intramembranous Ossification
Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme).
The membrane that occupies the place of the future bone resembles connective tissue and ultimately forms the periosteum.
It is composed of fibers and granular cells in a matrix.
Intramembranous Ossification

33. Endochondral Ossification
Two processes result in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue:
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification involves cartilage which is then mineralized.
Endochondral Ossification

34. Cartilage grows in two ways...
1) In appositional growth (ap″ozish′un-al), cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue.

35. Cartilage grows in two ways...
2) In interstitial growth the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.