Good Morning/Afternoon Please be seated, Please be quiet

Good Morning/Afternoon Please be seated, Please be quiet
3 December 2018 Good Morning/Afternoon Please be seated, Please be quiet Prepare yourself as our historical adventure continues with a look into World War II and the Holocaust. This leg will take our investigate into World War II and the Holocaust... HOMEWORK Read Chp 30 – Complete the WW II and Holocaust Packet – Due Wednesday, 5 December

The west between the wars – Hitler and Nazi Germany
What do you Recall? Hitler’s political theory involved? Nationalism and Racism Who wrote Mein Kampf? Adolf Hitler What was it? A book on his Political Philosophy

What do you Recall? What were strategies utilized by the SS to control the German People? Terror – Secret Police Concentration Camps Execution Squads What allowed Hitler and the Nazi Party to be accepted? Belief he had ended the country’s economic depression

What do you Recall? Describe the Nuremberg Laws. Excluded Jews from German citizenship Forbade mixed marriages (Jews and Germans) Describe Kristallnacht. Nazi lead rampage against the German Jews Why did the Nazis encourage radio usage? Key source for political messages

The west between the wars – the rise of dictatorial regimes
What do you Recall? A method utilized by Mussolini to control the citizens in his Fascist government. Mass Propaganda What was the key goal of Stalin’s Five Year Plan? Transform Russia from Agrarian to Industrial What is collectivization? Private farms are eliminated and peasants work government owned farms

What do you Recall? What was a result of Stalin utilizing collectivization in Russia? Widespread famine What was a contributing factor to the fall of parliamentary systems (democracy) in Easter Europe? Lack of democratic tradition

The west between the wars – instability after WW I
What do you Recall? What was a key component of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany? Reparations A key component to the Dawes Plan. Reduce Germany’s Reparations Key element to the weakening of the League of Nations? U.S. did not join

What do you Recall? What was a primary cause of the Great Depression? U.S. stock market crash Hitler implemented public works projects and a rearmament program, thus ending Germany’s Depression – Economic woes – Unemployment The Postwar artistic style focused on fascination with the absurd and unconscious content of the mind. Surrealism

WW I and the Russian Revolution – WW I Ends
What do you Recall? When did General Ludendorff realize that Germany had lost the war? The lose at the Second Battle of Marne What was a key position of President Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference? The League of Nations

What do you Recall? List some complications faced during the Paris Peace Conference: Secret European agreements Wilson’s self-determination principle Territorial disputes between the Big Three

What do you Recall? A one condition of the Treaty of Versailles between Germany and France. Return Alsace and Lorraine to France Discuss provisions to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles: Germany (and Austria) responsible for the war Reparations

WW I and the Russian Revolution – The Russian revolution
What do you Recall? Why was Russia unprepared for war? Lack of competent military leaders A result of the abdication of Czar Nicholas II was Civil War (Revolution) Additionally, his abdication created a new government called Communist Government

WW I and the Russian Revolution – WW I
What do you Recall? What did Trench Warfare cause? A stalemate on the Western Front The strip of land on the Western Front that separated the forces was know as No-man’s-land What was the different strategies between the Western and Eastern Fronts? Western – Trench warfare Eastern - Mobility

What do you Recall? How did the war affect women? New jobs in different industries Why were these opportunities available? Men left for war and the work had to carry on Did jobs change at the end of the war for women? Yes Why? Lost jobs at end, because the men were returning

WW I and the Russian Revolution – WW I Begins
What do you Recall? What was a key component to heightening the rivalries of the European states? Competition for land; especially Africa What ethnic minorities wanted their own independent nations? Slavic minorities - Austro-Hungarian Empire - the Irish – the Poles How did industrialization affect the military warfare? New methods of shipbuilding and weapons

What do you Recall? Who declares war on Russia because of its full mobilization of it’s army? Germany

World War II and the Holocaust

WW II and the Holocaust – WW II Begins
The German Path to War Why did this happen? Hitler’s beliefs Aryan race superior to all others Germany could build a great civilization Thus: Needed more land, where? The Soviet Union

Hitler Violates Treaty Which Treaty and How? Treaty of Versailles Hitler’s announced a new Air Force A military draft – expanding the army Violation Thus: Warnings are given

Hitler Violates Treaty What follows? German troops into the Rhineland Demilitarized Thus: France could use force, do they? No, because Great Britain did not support this action Appeasement Western states would not mobilize against Hitler

New Alliances Discuss: Mussolini – Italy Rome-Berlin Axis Japan Anti-Comintern Pact promising a common front against communism.

Union With Austria Discuss: Threatened Austria with invasion Hitler forced the Austrian chancellor to put Austrian Nazis in charge of the government Government promptly invited German troops After his triumphal return to his native land, Hitler annexed Austria to Germany

Munich Conference High point of Western appeasement of Hitler At the Munich Conference in 1938, representatives from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and France agreed to allow Germany to take over the Sudetenland section of Czechoslovakia.

Winston Churchill ( ) warned instead that the settlement at Munich was "a disaster of the first magnitude.".

Demands and Appeasement Discuss: Destroy Czechoslovakia Thus: Hitler was willing to risk “World War” to achieve his objective Declared he would be known as the greatest German of all Western states reacted to the Nazi threat Great Britain helps Poland France and Britain reach out to the Soviet Union

Hitler and the Soviets Why? Can’t be surrounded France on the West and Soviet Union on the East Thus: Hitler and Stalin sign Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Hitler attacks Poland Britain and France declare War on Germany

The Japanese Path to War How? Faked a raid on Mukden Disguised as Chinese soldiers Why? To justify taking over Manchuria An expansionist policy And to gain raw materials

The Japanese Path to War What follows the fake invasion? Investigation by the League of Nations Japan withdraws from the League Expansion continues Military (army) is establishing policy

War With China Discuss: Chiang Kai-shek wanted to avoid conflict Needed to focus on the Chinese Communists Allowed Japan to govern areas in north China Did this Work?

Bombing of shanghai Japanese troops invaded China in By December, Japanese forces had taken Shanghai and Nanjing. destroyed the city and massacred more than 100,000 civilians and prisoners of war. The event was so brutal it became known as the "Rape of Nanjing." China and the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact in August of 1937, after which China received aid from the Soviet Union to defend the country against Japan.

The New Asian Order Discuss: Goal was a New Order with Japan leading Japan – Manchuria – China Seize Soviet Siberia Japan and Germany align with each other So, what is next?

Japan Launches Attack Discuss: Couldn’t go Southward Attack on China had already prompted criticism Especially with the United States Sanctions Thus: A dilemma leading to A surprise attack on the U. S.

What do you Recall? What were some reasons for Japan invading Manchuria? Expansion Policy Need for raw materials What best describes Japan’s policy? Expansion What was Hitler’s thoughts on the Western states on his actions? They would not mobilize

WW II and the Holocaust – WW II
Europe at War Discuss: Blitzkrieg

Hitler’s Early Victories Discuss: Blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway Attacks against Netherlands, Belgium and France French and British forces taken by surprise Troops trapped on the beaches of Dunkirk French sign an armistice British resolve heightened.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)
President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced the aggressors, but the United States followed a strict policy of isolationism. A series of neutrality acts, passed in the 1930s, prevented the United States from taking sides/becoming involved in any European wars. Roosevelt was convinced that the neutrality acts actually encouraged Axis aggression and were gradually relaxed as the United States supplied food, ships, planes, and weapons to Britain."

The Battle of Britain Discuss: Germany could succeed amphibiously So: Luftwaffe – the German Air Force German planes bombed British air and naval bases, harbors, communication centers and war industries. massive bombing of British cities, why? To frighten civilians and weaken morale

Attack on the Soviet Union Discuss: Britain only fighting because they felt the Soviet would come to their support Thus: Hitler needed to smash the Soviets He had the political cooperation of Hungary – Bulgaria – Romania Quickly gaining ground

Attack on the Soviet Union The invasion begins: Quickly gaining ground Capturing 2 million Russian troops Ukraine – City of Leningrad Approaching within 25 miles of Moscow So, they win? No, An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance Halted the German advance – They had been stopped

Pearl harbor Pearl Harbor was an American naval base on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. On December 7, 1941, Japanese fighter planes unexpectedly attacked the base, causing extensive damage to planes and ships and killing many American military personnel. Thus, prompting the U. S. to declare war on Japan.

Pearl harbor Nearly 3,600 Americans, almost all of them military personnel, were killed or wounded. Of those killed, almost half were crew members aboard the USS Arizona. In comparison, the death toll from the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was approximately 3,000. About 1,800 people lost their lives when Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans and the Gulf Coast in 2005.

Japan at War Discuss: Pearl Harbor has been bombed “Community” of Nations Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Liberate southeast Asia from Western colonial rule Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)
In 1941, Tōjō became the prime minister, ruling Japan largely as a dictator. Tōjō ordered successful attacks on Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and many islands of the eastern Pacific, and led the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. However, by 1944 Japan was losing territory, and it was clear that Tōjō’s strategy was no longer working. Following Japan’s surrender in 1945, Tōjō was charged with war crimes, found guilty by an international court, and executed in 1946.

Japan at War Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō: Hoped that Japan's lightning strike at American bases would destroy the U.S. fleet in the Pacific.

Pearl harbor Of the more than 90 American ships stationed at or near Pearl Harbor on December 7, 21 were damaged or destroyed in the Japanese attack. That number includes all eight of the battleships stationed in the harbor, three of the American cruisers present that day, and three destroyers.

Pearl harbor The figure given for the U.S. on the graph does not include the 159 aircraft damaged, but not destroyed, during the raid.

Japan at War Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō: The Roosevelt administration, he thought, would now accept Japanese domination of the Pacific So, now what? Attack on Pearl Harbor unified America The United States joined with European nations and Nationalist China Hitler declared war on the United States four days after Pearl Harbor As in World War I, another European conflict had turned into a global war

The Allies Advance Discuss: A new coalition The Grand Alliance Great Britain – United States – Soviet Union Axis Powers Germany – Italy – Japan What was the focus for the Grand Alliance? An unconditional surrender (no favorable conditions) by the Axis Powers

The European Theater Discuss: Defeat is a not a vision by Hitler Japan advances in Southeast Asia and the Pacific North Africa German victory Successes in Soviet Union – Crimea Tides turn in 1942

The Tides Turn Discuss: Britain's success in North Africa Germans retreat British and U. S. forces the German and Italian surrender Eastern Front Germans surrender at Stalingrad Hitler sees that he can not defeat the Soviets

The Asian Theater Discuss: American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance The Battle of Midway Island U. S. General Douglas MacArthur Advance through the Philippines via New Guinea and South Pacific Islands Another across the Pacific with U. S. Army – Marines – Navy “Island Hopping” tactics to get close to Japan

A group of U.S. fighter planes fly over the reefs at Midway Island, November 14, Midway Island was a U.S. base during World War II.

What do you Recall? When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, what was the result? The U. S. entered the War Why were cities bombed? To weaken morale Frighten Civilians

What do you Recall? What was the goal of the Allies (Grand Alliance)? Unconditional surrender No favorable conditions Why did the U. S. utilizing an “island hopping” tactic? To get close to Japan

What do you Recall? What was a result of Stalin utilizing collectivization in Russia? Widespread famine What was a contributing factor to the fall of parliamentary systems (democracy) in Eastern Europe? Lack of democratic tradition

The Home Front and Civilians The New Order and Holocaust WW II Ends

WW II and the Holocaust – the home front and civilians
The Mobilization of Four Nations Discuss: Widespread Mobilization.

The Soviet Union Discuss: The Great Patriotic War – German-Soviet War Greatest land battles in history Leningrad (present-day St. Petersburg) – 900-day siege Starvation Relocation of factories.

Soviet Propaganda Poster: “We Will Rebuild” “We Defended Leningrad
Soviet Propaganda Poster: “We Will Rebuild” “We Defended Leningrad! We Will Restore It!” Soviet workers dismantled and shipped the factories to the interior - Urals, western Siberia and the Volga regions. Machines were placed on the bare ground. Laborers began their work, walls went up around them

The Soviet Union Additionally: “battle of machines” 78,000 tanks – 98,000 artillery pieces 1943: 55 percent of the Soviet national income went for war materials Compared to 15 percent in 1940 Thus: citizens experienced severe shortages of food and housing

Soviet Ladies in the war effort: Soviet women and girls work in industries, mines and railroads was crucial. Additionally, they dug antitank trenches and worked as air-raid wardens. Some women were military as snipers or in aircrews of bomber squadrons

Women in the U. S. Workforce: What do you see
Women in the U. S. Workforce: What do you see? Your efforts in the defense industry are necessary to win the war change the feminine ideal from obedient and delicate to confident and strong encouraged American women to participate in the war effort Faced with labor shortages propaganda campaigns targeted women, encouraging them to enter the work force Why is this needed? At the height of war production, the country was building 6 ships a day and 96,000 planes per year

Created in the early 1940s by the War Services Project of the Work Projects Administration (WPA): What do you see? Shows a family ready to assist the war effort on the home front. During World War II, citizens collected basic materials such as metals and rubber for use in the manufacturing of war equipment. Rationing So the military would have enough for soldiers families planted "victory gardens" to produce food for the military and to supplement their own diets

The United States Mobilization: Social Turmoil New Factories – Boomtowns Created worked, yet: Shortage of housing and food 16 million men and women in the military

African Americans In 1941 an executive order outlawed racial discrimination in the American defense industry, due to a shortage of labor. One million African Americans joined the military serving in segregated units. By 1944, nearly two million African- Americans manufactured military equipment Over one million African Americans moved to cities in the North and West to find jobs Thus: Racial tensions and even racial riots In Detroit in June 1943, white mobs roamed the streets attacking African Americans.

Germany Homefront: Cheering to silence in the streets Economic Policies Hitler refused to cut consumer goods production or to increase armaments production, why? Because he did not want to ruin civilian morale

Germany Loses to the Russians and the U. S. entry into the war causes: Economic changes Massive increase in armaments – army increase Total mobilization of the economy in July 1944 (military focused) Schools – Theaters – Cafes: all closed

Japan Highly mobilized society: Government controlled economy A planning board to control Prices – Wages – Labor – Resources Traditional habits of obedience and hierarchy were used, thus: Citizens sacrificed resources and sometimes their lives for the national cause Kamikaze

The Bombing of Cities Discuss this tactic: Military Targets – Enemy Troops – Civilian Populations Leading to a public outcry Long range aircraft Lower Morale Force enemy to make peace

The Bombing of Cities - Britain Discuss: London first city to be bombed Nightly for months Thousands killed or injured Enormous damage to buildings Yet: Morale remained high

Britain Blitz: A National experience – Spread to other cities Keeping high morale set the standard for others

The Bombing of Cities - Germany Discuss: Britain thought raids would break civilian morale and bring victory An element of terror to the dire circumstances Shortages of food – clothing – Fuel Buildings destroyed – Civilian casualties

The Bombing of Cities - Japan Discuss: U.S. B-29 Superfortresses Industry destroyed 1/4th of housing destroyed Mobilization of all people: 13 to 60 into the People’s Volunteer Corps Atomic Bomb

WW I and the Russian Revolution – The Home front and civilians
What do you Recall? Why did Hitler delay increasing armament production in the early years of the war? Did not want to weaken Germany citizen’s morale Why was the tactics of bombing civilian populations utilized? Lower morale Force the enemy to make peace

WW II and the Holocaust – The new order and the holocaust
The New Order in Europe Discuss the area and ruling tactics: 1942: the Nazi regime stretched across continental Europe from the English Channel (west) to the outskirts of Moscow (east) Largely organized in one of two ways: Annexation – Poland Occupied Europe ran by German military or civilian officials with the use of local collaborators

The New Order in Europe Additionally: Nazi administration was especially ruthless “Living space” for German expansion Lands populated by racially inferior Slavic peoples

The New Order in Europe Who focused on the New Order: In charge of German resettlement plans the beginning of Hitler’s goal of a German empire Move the Slavic people out and replace with Germans Czech – Polish - Serbo-Croatian – Slovene – Ukrainian Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were brought in to colonize the German provinces in Poland. Heinrich Himmler

The New Order in Europe Labor in Germany: Poles – Ukrainians – Russians Removed and become slave labor 1944: 7 million European workers labored in Germany - approximately 20 percent of the labor force Another 7 million workers were forced to labor for the Nazis in their own countries on farms, in industries and in military camps.

The New Order in Europe Results of Forced Labor in Germany: Disrupted industrial production in the occupied countries the brutal way in which Germany recruited foreign workers led more and more people to resist the Nazi occupation forces

The Holocaust Discuss: No aspect of the Nazi New Order was more terrifying than the deliberate attempt to exterminate the Jews Aryans, who were the creators of human cultural development Jews: Hitler blamed for Germany’s defeat in World War I and the Depression. Himmler and the SS closely shared Hitler’s racial ideas Thus: Final Solution to the Jewish problem genocide

The Einsatzgruppen Discuss: Reinhard Heydrich Administer the Final Solution A special strike forces: Einsatzgruppen

The Einsatzgruppen Purpose/Responsibilities: Round up all Polish Jews and put them in ghettos, thus: Starvation - only minimal amounts of food June 1941, what happens? New job acting - mobile killing units Round up Jews - execute them - bury them in mass graves

The Death Camps Beginning in 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany or sympathetic to Germany were rounded up and shipped to Poland Auschwitz (OWSH • VIHTS). About 30 percent of the new arrivals were sent to a labor camp Starved or worked to death Remainder went to the gas chambers Some were subjected to cruel and painful “medical” experiments

The Death Camps Spring 1942: Death camps were in full operation First priority - elimination of the Polish ghettos Summer 1942: Jews from France, Belgium, and Holland

The Death Camps 1944: Jews from Greece and Hungary In spite of Germany’s desperate military needs and facing defeat The Final Solution had priority in using railroad cars to ship Jews to the death camps

The Death Toll Discuss: Approximately 6 million Jews, more than 3 million of them in the death camps Concentration camps: Large numbers were worked to death or subjected to deadly medical experiments Virtually 90 % of the Jewish populations of Poland, the Baltic countries & Germany were killed Overall, the Holocaust was responsible for the death of nearly two out of every three European Jews.

The Death Toll Additionally: Deliberate death by shooting, starvation, or overwork 9 to 10 million non-Jewish people About 40 percent of Europe’s Roma were killed in the death camps Leading citizens of the Slavic peoples were arrested and killed Probably an additional 4 million Poles, Ukrainians, and Belorussians died as slave labor Finally, at least 3 to 4 million Soviet POWs were killed

The Death Toll Additionally: Shoah a Hebrew word meaning “total destruction” Some people did not believe the accounts of death camps People pretended not to notice what was happening Collaborators Helped the Nazis hunt down Jews Not until after the war did the full extent of the horror and inhumanity of the Holocaust impress itself upon people’s consciousness

The New Order in Asia Japan’s thoughts, why? Expansionist Policy - Need for raw materials Organized into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere provide mutual benefits to the occupied areas and to Japan

The New Order in Asia Thus: Japanese officials promised that local governments would be established under Japanese control In fact Real power rested with Japanese military authorities in each territory The Army General Staff in Tokyo controlled the local Japanese military command Japan used the resources for its war machine and recruited the native peoples to serve in local military units or in public works

The New Order in Asia At First: Many Southeast Asian nationalists took Japanese promises at face value and agreed to cooperate Eventually: The occupation policies became clear and sentiment turned against Japan Japanese military forces often had little respect for the lives of the natives

The New Order in Asia Dilemma: No desire to see the return of the colonial powers, but Did not like what the Japanese were doing Some turned against the Japanese Others did nothing Some wanted it both ways Indonesian patriots pretended to support Japan while actually sabotaging them

WW II and the Holocaust – the new order and the holocaust
What do you Recall? How did Germany rule their conquered lands? Direct annexation Local collaborators How did German supplement their workforce? Forced Labor: citizens from the conquered lands Who were victims of the Holocaust? European Jews

WW II and the Holocaust – The Home front and civilians
What do you Recall? Why did Hitler delay increasing armament production in the early years of the war? Did not want to weaken Germany citizen’s morale Why was the tactics of bombing civilian populations utilized? Lower morale Force the enemy to make peace

What do you Recall? What was a result of Stalin utilizing collectivization in Russia? Widespread famine What was a contributing factor to the fall of parliamentary systems (democracy) in Eastern Europe? Lack of democratic tradition

O! say can you see by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; O! say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

WW II Ends

WW II and the Holocaust – WW II Ends
Last Years of the War 1943: Tides Turn against Germany – Italy – Japan Axis forces surrender 13 May 1943 Allies crosses the Mediterranean – Carries the war to Italy

The European Theater Actions in Italy: Sicily falls Mussolini is arrested – Germans liberate him Allies advance and take Rome Thus: The Allies invasion of France from Great Britain June 6, 1944

The European Theater D-Day: Dwight D. Eisenhower U. S. forces land on Normandy beach – greatest naval invasion in history Why? Germans responded slowly Allied forces set up a beachhead Landing 2 million men and 500,000 vehicles Allied forces pushed inland and broke through German defensive lines

Invasion at Omaha beach
Led by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley and carried out by the U.S. First Army Fought their way past hidden underwater mines, treacherous barbed wire and horrible machine gun fire on their way to Omaha Beach Around 6:30 a.m. on June 6, 1944, seaborne troops made their way onto Normandy beaches. suffered more than 2,000 casualties before securing a position inland

Omaha beach June 6, 1944 Allied forces stormed ashore on Omaha Beach and elsewhere along the Normandy shoreline: Known as D-Day – a major turning point Allied airborne troops were the first to land, entering Normandy on the night of June 5. Cliffs 100 feet high overlooked Omaha Beach - troops had to scale these cliffs to move inland

The European Theater 1944: Paris is liberated 1945: January - Battle of Bulge “bulge” the German attack caused in Allied lines Heavy losses suffered – Allied lines held March – Allies cross the Rhine River and advance into Germany

The European Theater April 1945: Allies move along the Elbe River linking up with the Soviets Who had come a long way since Stalingrad in 1943 How? The westward advance:

The European Theater Discuss the Russian advance Westward: Soundly defeated the German forces at the Battle of Kursk (July 5 to 12) Reoccupying the Ukraine by the end of 1943 Baltic states by early 1944 Warsaw in January 1945 Entered Berlin in April Meanwhile, Soviet troops along a southern front swept through Hungary – Romania – Bulgaria

The European Theater Additionally: Liberated Concentration and Death Camps January 1945 Hitler had moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin In his final political testament, Hitler blamed the Jews for the war

Survivors of Ebensee Concentration Camp
By 1944–1945 Germany was losing the war and made desperate efforts to evacuate the concentration camps and hide the evidence On May 7, 1945 U.S. Third army liberated survivors of one of the biggest concentration camps at Ebensee, Austria Survivors were emaciated from starvation and alleged scientific experiments Survivors of Ebensee Concentration Camp

The European Theater Finally: April 30, 1945 Hitler committed suicide May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered The war in Europe over

The Asian Theater 1943: U.S. forces on the offensive Continued their island-hopping campaign 1945 Acquisition of Iwo Jima and Okinawa helped draw even closer to Japan Iwo Jima essential to the air war on Japan Capturing Iwo Jima would lessen the Japanese threat and aid in the invasion of Japan Controlling Okinawa would also provide them with a base near the Japan

The Asian Theater What was the cost of Iwo Jima and Okinawa? Casualties were great on both sides Fear developed that even more losses if the war in the Pacific continued, thus: Harry S. Truman had a difficult decision

The Asian Theater Explain his dilemma: The Manhattan Project Top-secret project – development of the atomic bomb Should he use the atomic bomb? Yes – No What would be his reasoning on the discussion? Truman and his advisers were convinced that American troops would suffer heavy casualties in an invasion

Bombing of Hiroshima On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Air Force dropped a nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima 350,000 inhabitants – 190,000 died On August 9, the U.S. Air Force dropped another nuclear bomb on Nagasaki Japan’s Emperor Hirohito unconditionally surrendered on August 14, 1945 ending World War II In the years since then many more thousands have died from the effects of radiation.

The Asian Theater World War II is finally over: Seventeen million had died in battle 20 million civilians had perished as well Total losses approximated at 60 million The Nuclear Age begins

The Asian Theater Discuss the Nuclear Age: Other countries raced to build their own nuclear weapons August 1949 Soviet Union sets off its first atomic bomb, starting an arms race with the United States that lasted for 40 years No what is in store for the World?

Peace and a New War Explain New War: No real peace – a period of political tensions The Cold War An ideological conflict based on mistrust between the United States and the Soviet Union Dominated world affairs until the end of the 1980s

Peace and a New War How was Peace achieved? First meeting of the Big Three (the Grand Alliance) leaders Meet at Tehran in November 1943 to discuss strategy The final assault on Germany – an American-British invasion through France scheduled for the spring of Soviet and British-American forces would meet in defeated Germany Soviet forces would liberate Eastern Europe Allies also agreed to a partition of postwar Germanys

Peace and a New War How was Peace achieved? Second meeting of the Big Three powers Yalta in southern Russia in February 1945 The defeat of Germany was assured The Western powers now faced the reality of 11 million Soviet soldiers taking possession of Eastern Europe and much of central Europe

Peace and a New War Discuss Stalin’s concerns: Deeply suspicious of the Western powers Wanted a buffer to protect the Soviet Union from possible future Western aggression Meant establishing pro-Soviet governments along the Soviet Union’s borders. Roosevelt favored the idea of self-determination Help liberated Europe create "democratic institutions of their own choice“ Roosevelt also agreed to Stalin’s price for military aid against Japan

Peace and a New War United Nations: A major American concern Churchill and Stalin accepted Roosevelt’s plans for the United Nations First meeting of the new organization; United Nations, set for San Francisco in April 1945 for

Peace and a New War Discuss Germany and Eastern Europe: Big Three agreed to divide Germany into four zones one for each to occupy and to govern Stalin compromised and agreed to free elections in Poland Causing a serious split between the Soviets and Americans This split became more evident when the Big Three next met at Potsdam, Germany

Peace and a New War The Potsdam Conference; July 1945: Began in a cloud of mistrust President Harry S. Truman – demanded free elections in Eastern Europe Stalin responded: "A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow." Stalin sought absolute security for the Soviets, thus: Free elections would threaten his goal of controlling Eastern Europe and expand Western Capitalism

Peace and a New War Trails: Leaders who had committed crimes against humanity during the war 1945 and 1946 Nazi leaders were tried and condemned at war crimes trials in Nuremberg, Germany War crimes trials were also held in Japan and Italy

Peace and a New War A New Struggle: Soviet policy (Stalin’s) was part of a worldwide Communist conspiracy Western; especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist expansionism Thus according to Churchill: "an iron curtain" had "descended across the continent," dividing Europe into two hostile camps Only months after the world's most devastating conflict had ended, the world seemed to be bitterly divided once again

What do you Recall? What was President Truman’s philosophy for dropping the Atomic Bomb on Japan? An invasion would kill too many U. S. troops What event(s) ended the war? The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki This event caused? The unconditional surrender of Japan

What do you Recall? What was a contributing factor to the Cold War? Mutual mistrust between the U. S. and Soviets What new organization can out of World War II? United Nations Why did Stalin refuse free elections in Western Europe? Feared Western Capitalist expansion

What do you Recall? Winston Churchill compared postwar Soviet policy in Eastern Europe to a(n) Iron Curtain

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