1. Introduction to Physiology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Physiology

2. About this Chapter What is physiology? A review of organ systems
Evolution and integration from cell to human
The concept of homeostasis is introduced
Themes in Physiology
The science of Physiology
Experimental design
Data

3. Levels of Organization
Physiology defined:
Study of the normal functioning of a living organism
Literally means ‘knowledge of nature’
Organization of life
The cell is the unit of life
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems & organisms
Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

4. Just SOME of what Biochem students have to learn…
(…and what professors have to make sound interesting)

6. Organ Systems In Review
Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine
Immune
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Reproductive
Urinary
Figure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

7. Concept Mapping Structure and function Integration across Cells
Tissues
Organs
Flow charts
Follow process
In sequence

8. Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology
Concept Mapping
Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

9. Evolution of Physiological Systems
Cell
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Organism
Protective cells
Exchange cells
External environment
Homeostasis Defined
Emergent properties
Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

10. Homeostasis & Controls
External or internal change
Loss of homeostasis
Physiological attempt to correct
Sensors, integrating center
Response of cells & organs

11. Homeostasis & Controls
Successful compensation
Homeostasis reestablished
Failure to compensate
Pathophysiology
Illness
Death
Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

12. Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body
Themes in Physiology
Homeostasis
Structure/function relationships
Integration of systems
Communication
Membranes & exchange
Energy
Mass balance
Mass flow & resistance
Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

13. Scientific Inquiry & Knowledge
Observation & experimentation
Hypothesis
Variables
Independent
Dependant
Controls
Data
Replication
Theory
Models

15. Human Experiments Genetic variables Placebo effect Nocebo effect
Ethics

17. Correlation does not equal Causation
1. The Japanese eat very little fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans.
2. The Mexicans eat a lot of fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans.
3. The Chinese drink very little red wine and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans.
4. The Italians drink a lot of red wine and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans.
5. The Germans drink a lot of beers and eat lots of sausages and fats and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans.
CONCLUSION
Eat and drink what you like. Speaking English is apparently what kills you

18. Formats of Experimental Design
Crossover study
Blind studies
Double-blind studies
Double-blind crossover studies

19. Time Duration of Experiments
Longitudinal studies
Prospective studies
Cross sectional studies
Retrospective studies
Meta-analysis

26. Medicine and Medical Devices in the US = A For-Profit Industry $$$

27. Summary Organ systems Structures & functions
The cell, the organism, the outside environment
Homeostatic balancing
Review of themes: communication, energy, membranes, body compartments, flow and balance
Scientific inquiry- good science
Experimental designs
Representing the data