1. History and Archaeology
What are the TOOLS and METHODS used by Archaeologists and Historians?
How do Archaeologists ANALYZE DATA and ARTIFACTS?

2. History
Once all of the tools to unlocking the past have been collected and analyzed, how do historians DRAW CONCLUSIONS about the past?
Speculation
Interpretation
Educated guesses
What TOOLS do historians use to unlock the secrets of the past?
Artifacts
Primary sources
Secondary Sources

3. History Base theories on own interpretations Less written record
Why does history always involve some degree of BIAS?
Base theories on own interpretations
Why is it more difficult for historians to study ANCIENT history than MODERN history?
Less written record

4. Archaeology What is Archaeology?
In what ways are Archaeologists detectives of the past? What tools do they use to discover the truth?
Early civilization = not much written record
Rely on physical remains, excavations, artifacts, organic material, fossils…
What is Archaeology?
Study of the material remains of the past

5. Archaeology Study the origin, development and culture of humans
What are Anthropologists?
Study the origin, development and culture of humans
Paleontologists?
Study the fossil remains of animal and plant life
Paleoanthropologists?
Study both

6. Self-Assessment 4
Completed in exemplary detail – had additional information to teacher’s notes
Completed with exemplary organization – including the use of titles and underlining/bolding/highlighting key words 3
Completed in good detail – had the information from the notes
Completed with good organization – Had some titles and key words, but more needed 2
Completed in satisfactory detail – missing key information from notes
Completed with satisfactory organization – Some organization, but difficult to follow 1
Completed in insufficient detail – missing a lot of key information from notes/incomplete
Completed with insufficient organization – Disorganized and difficult to follow

7. History vs. Archaeology (review)
What are the similarities and differences between the TOOLS that historians and archaeologists use to reconstruct the past?
What are the similarities and differences between the METHODS that historians and archaeologists use to reconstruct the past?

8. Analyzing Data – Methods of Dating Artifacts
Stratigraphy
Measuring layers in earth
Most recent is shallow, older is deeper

9. Analyzing Data – Methods of Dating Artifacts
Radio-Carbon (C14)
Measures level of C14
Accurate up to 40,000 years
Most popular

10. Stratigraphy vs. C14 Dating
What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVNATAGES of these methods of dating artifacts?
Stratigraphy vs. C14 Dating

11. Analyzing Data – Exposing Frauds
Why? Fame, demonstrate faults in the archaeological process, or $$$
Better dating techniques today make frauds more difficult to pull off

12. Exposing Frauds - Example
Missing Link = ape-like humanoid
1912, Charles Dawson finds Piltdown Man
Human skull, ape-like jaw
Disproved by modern dating techniques
Click for video

13. Analyzing Data – Analyzing Artifacts
Primary Data can be ORGANIC or INORGANIC
Best preserved in deserts, frozen tundra and waterlogged areas
First analysis is SOURCE (local or traded?)

14. Analyzing Data – Analyzing Artifacts
ORGANIC
INORGANIC
Plants and animals
Skeletal remains (age, sex)
Paleopathology – study of ancient diseases
Tools, pottery…
Tools – use, source
Pottery – techniques etc

15. Self-Assessment 4
Completed in exemplary detail – had additional information to teacher’s notes
Completed with exemplary organization – including the use of titles and underlining/bolding/highlighting key words 3
Completed in good detail – had the information from the notes
Completed with good organization – Had some titles and key words, but more needed 2
Completed in satisfactory detail – missing key information from notes
Completed with satisfactory organization – Some organization, but difficult to follow 1
Completed in insufficient detail – missing a lot of key information from notes/incomplete
Completed with insufficient organization – Disorganized and difficult to follow