1. Reporting Category 5
Geography

3. Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 & 400,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
Early humans were hunter-gatherers whose survival depended on wild plants and animals

4. Early River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamia: Euphrates & Tigris River Valley (Southwest Asia)
Egypt: Nile River Valley and Nile Delta (Africa)
India: Indus River Valley (South Asia – Indian Subcontinent)
China: Huang He (Yellow) River
These river valleys offered Rich soil and irrigation water for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic people.

5. Early river Valley Civilizations

6. Other early civilizations
Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley
Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast
Nubia was located on the Nile River, South of Egypt.

7. Nubia’s location

8. Map of the Greek world
Black Sea
Macedonia
Dardanelles
Asia
Minor

9. Political Development
Economic & Social
Development
Political Development
Mountainous terrain both helped and hindered the development of city-states
Greek cities were designed to promote civic & commercial life
Colonization was prompted by overpopulation and the search for arable land
Agriculture (limited arable land suitable for farming)
Commerce and the spread of Hellenistic Culture
Shift from barter (trading) to money economy (use of coins)
Greece’s Development

10. Rome’s Location Centrally located in the Italian peninsula
Alps: provided physical barrier and protection to the North
Mediterranean Sea: Provided protection as a natural barrier and provided seaborne commerce & trade

11. Constantinople becomes the new rome
Protection of the Eastern Frontier
Far away from the Germanic Tribes attacking the Western Empire
Crossroads of Trade
Easily fortified site on a peninsula border by natural harbors

12. Geographic Influence on Spread of Islam
Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca to Medina
Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, & mountain barriers
Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, & Central Asia was helped along by a weak Persian & Byzantine Empires

13. Spread of Islam

14. Islamic Development
Political Unity of the first Muslim Empire was short lived
Arabic Language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands
Slavery was not based on race

15. European invasions & Migrations

16. European Migration & Settlements
Angles & Saxons migrated from continental Europe to Great England
Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary
Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia

17. Influence of European Migrations
Manors and Castles provided protection from invasions, reinforcing the feudal system
Invasions disrupted trade, led to the decline of trade, and caused the influence of the church to decline.

18. Trade Routes 1000-1500 C.E. Silk Road: China to Mediterranean Basin
Maritime Routes in Indian Ocean
Trans-Saharan trade routes in N. Africa
Northern Europe and the Black Sea
Western Europe trade by sea and river

19. Meso-American Civilizations
Mayan Civilization
Aztec Civilization
Located in Mexican & Central American Rain Forests
Represented by the city of Chichen Itza
City States ruled by Kings
Economy based on Agriculture & Trade
Polytheistic Religion: Pyramids
Located in Central Mexico: Arid Valley
Represented by city of Tenochtitlan
Ruled by Emperor
Economy based on Agriculture and tributes from conquered peoples
Polytheistic: Pyramids, Rituals (sacrifices)
Meso-American Civilizations

20. Meso-american Civilizations
Incan Civilization
Meso-american achievements
Located in the Andes mountains of South America
Represented by the city of Machu Picchu
Ruled by an Emperor
Economy based on high altitude farming (terrace farming)
Polytheistic
System of Roads
Calendars
Mathematics
Writing and other Record Keeping systems
Meso-american Civilizations