1. Chapter 9: Church and States
I. Reforms in the Church

2. Need for Reform Great wealth and possessions Lay investiture
Reform movement
Cluny monastery
Cistercians
Bernard of Clairvaux

3. Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor
College of Cardinals
Would choose the popes
Gregory VII
Benedictine monk and advocate of reform
Struggle with Henry IV

4. New Religious Orders Emphasized service to one’s fellow man
Friars
Mendicant (“begging”) orders
Francis of Assisi
Franciscan Order

5. New Religious Orders Dominic Dominican order Reputation for learning
Leaders of the Inquisition

6. Zenith of the Papacy Papal authority exceeded that of kings
Innocent III
Established authority over all of Europe

7. Papal Weapons
Excommunication
Interdict
Inquisition

8. Chapter 9: Church and States
II. A European Empire

9. Founding of the German Kingdom
Henry the Fowler
Otto I
Asserted his authority
Relations with church authorities
Defeated Magyars

10. Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire
Otto conquered Lombardy
King of Italy
Otto marched into Rome
Crowned emperor by the pope

11. Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire
Union of Germany and Italy
Union of church and state

12. Conflict Within the Empire
Conflict of Interest
Divided between Germany and Italy
Conflict with Popes
Emperors intervene in papal affairs
Lay investiture

13. Conflict Within the Empire
Conflict with Nobles
Salian House
Unsuccessful attempts at establishing strong central monarchy
Civil wars after 1125
Development of feudalism
Power of nobles

14. The Empire Under the Hohenstaufens
Frederick I
Meddled in Italy
Marriage alliance with Sicily

15. The Empire Under the Hohenstaufens
Frederick II
Ward of Pope Innocent III
Innocent tried to get him to give up Sicily
Focused on Italy and Sicily

16. Chapter 9: Church and States
III. Rise of Feudal Monarchies

17. England
The Anglo-Saxons Settle England
Angles
Saxons
Danes

18. England Alfred the Great 871-899 Defeated Danes Patron of learning
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Built navy
Shires

19. England
Canute
Edward the Confessor

20. England William of Normandy Conquers England
Edward the Confessor died in 1066
Harold was elected king
William claimed the throne was promised to him

21. England Battle of Hastings October 14, 1066 William was victorious
Feudal lord over entire country
Tenants-in-chief
Appointed bishops in his realm
Domesday Book

22. England Reforms Strengthen Royal Authority Henry II
Frenchman with much wealth and territory in France
Established circuit courts under royal authority

23. England
Courts
Indictments
Juries
Common law
Thomas à Becket

24. England Magna Carta Limits Royal Power Richard I
Spent most of his reign outside of England
John, his brother, plotted to overthrow him

25. England John Conflicts with French king, pope, and English nobles
Philip II takes control of John’s French possessions
Struggle over Archbishop of Canterbury
Magna Carta (1215)

26. England Parliament Becomes an Important Institution Edward I
Conquered Wales
Parliament
Witan
Curia regis

27. England Parliament Enlarged membership “Model Parliament”
House of Commons
House of Lords
Gradually became more powerful
“Power of the purse”

28. France The Capetians and Their Royal House Hugh Capet
Steadily increased their power
No wars of succession
Effective centralized government
Allies

29. France Philip II and Royal Expansion Île-de-France
Philip II “Augustus”
Real founder of France
Increased land in the royal domain
Baillis
One major setback

30. France Louis IX and Royal Dignity Called ideal medieval king
Peace and justice were primary goals
Involved in Crusades

31. France Philip IV and Royal Strength Expanded royal power
Increased size of government
Increased revenue of government

32. France Philip IV and Royal Strength Conflict with Boniface VIII
Philip had support of French people
Estates-General

33. Chapter 9: Church and States
IV. Rescue of the Holy Land

34. The Call Seljuk Turks moved in Pope Urban II called for a holy crusade
Overwhelming response

35. The Crusaders: Their Motives
Pious desires
Adventure
Fame and fortune
Opportunity to fight
Commercial gain
Roman Church promises

36. The Campaigns First Crusade (1096-99)
Initial arrivals were slaughtered
Most successful
Captured Jerusalem
Established small feudal kingdoms

37. The Campaigns Kings’ Crusade (1189-92) Also known as Third Crusade
Saladin
Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus, Richard the Lion-Hearted
Three-year truce reached

38. The Campaigns The “Diverted” Crusade Also known as Fourth Crusade
Attacked Zara
Pillaged Constantinople

39. The Campaigns Later Crusades Poorly organized Lacked strong leadership
Not successful
Greater concern for exploration and commercial interests

40. The Consequences For the Middle East Islam remained dominant
Desire by Europeans to find alternate routes to the East

41. The Consequences For Medieval Europe
Crusades weakened the feudal structure of Europe
Crusades expanded the commercial activity of Europe
Early Crusades strengthened the leadership of the papacy

42. The Consequences For Medieval Europe
Crusades opened new horizons to the people of medieval Europe