Mass society and democracy

Mass society and democracy
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity The Emergence of Mass Society The National State and Democracy

Mass Society and Democracy – Growth of Industrial Prosperity
The Second Industrial Revolution (overview) The new innovations of steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum led the way to new industrial frontiers. The Bessemer process for making steel efficiently and cheaply resulted in the production of lighter, smaller, and faster machines. Electricity gave birth to a series of inventions including lighting, the telephone, and streetcars. The internal-combustion engine transformed transportation (automobiles). Industrial production grew at a rapid rate due to the assembly line and mass production. Europe was divided into two economic zones: industrial and agricultural.

New Products and Patterns 1855: Bessemer process for making steel more efficiently and cheaply Stronger frameworks for larger buildings and stronger rails for railroad tracks 1860s: Electric generator by Zénobe-Théophile Gramme Reliable flow of electricity; electrical energy convertible to mechanical energy to run machines 1870s: Incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell Longer work hours; faster communication across regions

The three estates Thomas Edison patents the first successful incandescent lamp, 1929 English scientist Humphrey Davy invented the first incandescent electric lamp in For the next fifty years, scientists looked for ways to make the lamp burn longer. Thomas Edison patented the first practical incandescent light. The invention eventually allowed entire cities and towns to have electric lights. Alexander Graham Bell makes the first call between New York and Chicago, 1892 Alexander Graham Bell, with the help of mechanic Thomas Watson, devised an apparatus for transporting sound electronically. He was awarded a patent for this invention, the telephone, in 1876.

New Products and Patterns 1903: Airplane by Wright brothers Increase in speed of travel and movement of goods 1909: Synthetic ammonia by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch Increase in crop yields from use of chemical fertilizers 1913: Assembly line pioneered by Henry Ford Increase in efficient mass production of goods; reduction in prices of goods and increase in sales

Orville Wright flies a glider at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 1902
The three estates Karl Benz invents the three-wheeler, 1885 Karl Benz, a German mechanical engineer, designed and built the first practical automobile that used an internal- combustion engine. The Benz Three- Wheeler, called a Motorwagen, was built in 1885 and patented in 1886. Orville Wright flies a glider at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 1902 Using the internal-combustion engine, Wilbur and Orville Wright invented the first fixed-wing airplane, which they successfully flew at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903.

French Political Cartoon Robed figure: Represents the clergy, the First Estate. Roman Catholic Church – great deal of social and political influence (10%) Circular object with the crown: Represents the monarchy; Pushing down on the middle figure, burdens of taxation. Armored Figure: Represents the nobility, the Second Estate. Nobility had a great deal of political and military influence (>2%) Crouched Figure: Represents the commoners, the Third Estate. Vast majority of society, symbolizes them bearing nearly all the economic and labor burdens Peasants – 75 to 80 % Urban craftspeople, shopkeepers, workers Bourgeoisie (middle class) – 8% Assembly line

Toward a World Economy The Second Industrial Revolution, combined with the growth of transportation by steamship and railroad, fostered a true world economy. European capital was also invested abroad to develop railways, mines, electrical power plants, and banks. With its capital, industries, and military might, Europe dominated the world economy by 1900.

Organizing the Working Class The ideas of Karl Marx led to the formation of socialist and communist political parties as responses to poor industrial working conditions. Some parties advocated revolution, while others (Revisionists) advocated working within democratic systems. Workers organized trade unions in an attempt to improve working conditions.

Marx’s Theory “Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.” —Marx and Engels, the Communist Manifesto Bourgeoisie (middle class) oppression of proletariat (working class) through ownership and control of means of production. Inequity leading to violent revolution. Proletariat victory

Marx’s Theory Formation of proletariat dictatorship Dissolution of economic differences and social classes Classless Society “In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.” —Marx and Engels, the Communist Manifesto

Socialist Parties Pure Marxists thought that capitalism could be defeated only by a violent revolution. Other Marxists, revisionists, rejected the revolutionary approach and sought reform through the democratic system. They argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms. As workers received the vote, they could achieve their aims by working within democratic systems.

Trade Unions Why? To improve their conditions. How did they reach their goals? Strike: Important part of the trade union movement Union calls on its members to stop work in order to pressure employers to meet their demands for higher wages or improved factory safety

Trade Unions Explain the process of the Strike (Legal or Illegal): At first, laws were passed that made strikes illegal under any circumstances. In Great Britain, unions won the right to strike in the 1870s. By 1914, there were almost 4 million workers in British trade unions. In the rest of Europe, trade unions had varying degrees of success in helping workers achieve a better life.

Mass Society and Democracy – emergence of mass society
The New Urban Environment With few jobs available in rural areas, people moved into cities to find work in factories and other establishments. Reformers convinced city governments to create boards of health to improve housing quality. A new system of dams and reservoirs provided clean water. Improvements to sewage systems helped reduce the number of cases of serious illnesses such as cholera.

Social Structure of Mass Society (overview) The most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants joined with the landed aristocracy to form the new elite. A middle class continued to grow and consisted of three groups: professionals; shopkeepers and traders; and white-collar workers. The working classes made up almost 80 percent of Europe’s population.

Social Structure of Mass Society European Social Classes During the 1800s, European standard of living rose but poverty was still widespread.

The New Wealthy Elite Landed Aristocracy – Industrialists – Bankers – Merchants Leaders in Government and Military

The Diverse Middle Classes Lawyers – Doctors – Civil Service workers – Business Managers – Engineers – Architects – Accountants - Chemists Lower-middle class Small Shopkeepers – Traders – Prosperous Farmers White-Collar workers Traveling Salespeople – Bookkeepers – Telephone Operators – Department Store Salespeople – Secretaries All the middle classes believed in hard work

The Working Classes Lower Classes Made up 80% of the population Landholding Peasants – Farm Laborers – Share Croppers Urban Working Class Skilled Artisans – Semiskilled Laborers – Unskilled Day Laborers – Domestic Servants (1 out of 7)

Women’s Experiences (overview) The Second Industrial Revolution provided new job opportunities for women. Women could now work as secretaries, typists, and salesclerks. Marriage and caring for a family remained the principal option for women. Some women sought property, educational, occupational, and political rights. Suffrage—the right to vote—was pursued most avidly by women in Great Britain and the United States.

New Job Opportunities Low-Paid, White-Collar jobs Industrial Plants and Retail Stores as: Clerks – Typists – Secretaries – Salesclerks Government Services in: Education – Health – Social Services

Domestic servants were mostly women
Domestic servants were mostly women. housecleaning, cooking, taking care of children, gardening, and running errands Domestic service

Marriage and Family Discuss: marriage remained almost the only honorable and available career for most women family was the central institution of middle-class life middle-class family fostered an ideal of togetherness What about the working-class women? had to earn money to help support their families.

Women’s Rights Feminism Advocated - supported What was an original right that women fought for? Property So, what was next? Education – Male dominated occupations – Medical field (nurses) Suffrage – to vote

Suffragists in Britain
Emmeline Pankhurst, the leader of the British suffragette movement She and her daughters founded the Women’s Social and Political Union in Members of the Women’s Social and Political Union would pelt government officials with eggs, chain themselves to lampposts, and smash department stores’ windows to call attention to their demands. In this 1914 photograph, police prevent the Pankhurst's from entering Buckingham Palace to present a petition to King George V of England. Suffragists in Britain

Education and Leisure Universal education was a product of the mass society of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Before the 1800s, education was provided mainly to the upper class and the wealthier middle class. As industrialization increased, the demand for workers with at least a basic education rose.

Education and Leisure Public Education and Politics: Governments also promoted education so that the growing number of voters would make more knowledgeable decisions and be more patriotic. More people could vote, thus: Created a need for better-educated voters Primary goal of the schools (public elementary) were to instill patriotism.

Education and Leisure Causes and Effects of Universal Education Cause: Second Industrial Revolution increases demand for trained, skilled workers Effect: Western governments commit to public Education.

Education and Leisure Causes and Effects of Universal Education Cause: Democratic society needs educated population of voters Effect: Educated public supports and preserves democratic political system

Education and Leisure Causes and Effects of Universal Education Cause: People from a wide variety of backgrounds live in the same places Effect: Education seeks to teach common values and instill patriotism.

Education and Leisure Additionally: Compulsory elementary education Created new demand for teachers Who and Why? Women – Nurturing – Could be paid less The new industrial system gave people more time for leisure activities. People played organized team sports and went to amusement parks and dance halls.

Education and Leisure The new industrial system (industrialization) gave people more time for leisure activities. Popular mass leisure entertained large crowds and distracted from the realities of work lives. The industrial system gave people new times—evening hours, weekends, and a week or two in the summer—to indulge in leisure activities. People played organized team sports and went to amusement parks and dance halls on their leisure hours.

Mass society and democracy
The National State and Democracy Modern Ideas and Uncertainity

Mass Society and Democracy – National State and Democracy
Western Europe: Political Democracy Three signs signaled the expansion of democracy in Western Europe: universal male suffrage; rulers responsible to popularly elected legislative bodies; and the formation mass political parties. Political democracy became well-established in Great Britain and social reforms followed. France struggled to develop a strong parliamentary system amid multiple political parties. Universal male suffrage in Italy did not mend the gap between the poverty-stricken south and the industrialized north.

Western Europe: Political Democracy Expansion of Democracy in Western Europe: Democracy expanded in Western Europe in the late 1800s. - Universal male suffrage laws were passed. - Prime ministers became responsible to parliaments rather than to monarchs. - Mass political parties formed. A new Labour Party formed in Britain in 1900 and dedicated itself to interests of the working class. In 1875, France became a constitutional republic with a president and a two-house legislature. Italy granted universal male suffrage in 1912.

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order Germany maintained a powerless two-house legislature. New parliaments were ignored in Austria-Hungary. A new legislative assembly was thwarted in Russia.

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order Germany: Otto von Bismarck set up a two-house legislature in Government ministers were responsible to the emperor, not to the parliament. The emperor controlled the armed forces, foreign policy, and the bureaucracy.

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order Austria-Hungary: Austria's defeat in a war with Prussia in 1866 resulted in its agreeing to a union with Hungary in Austria and Hungary adopted constitutions that set up parliamentary systems. The emperor ignored these systems in Austria, appointing and dismissing ministers himself and issuing laws when parliament was not in session.

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order Russia: Czar Nicholas II created a legislative assembly called the Duma. Within a couple of years, Nicholas curtailed the power of the Duma. Nicholas used the army and the bureaucracy to rule Russia.

Last emperor of Russia. Crowned czar in 1896 “I shall maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as did my unforgettable father.” A disastrous loss in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) paved the way for the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the creation of the Duma, or parliament. Nicholas restricted parliament’s powers, and internal problems increased. During World War I, Nicholas took charge of the armies and left domestic affairs to his wife, Alexandra, and her advisor, Grigory Rasputin. Neither Alexandra nor Rasputin cared about social reform. Growing discontent among Russian citizens led to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Nicholas II ( )

The United States African Americans received federal rights of citizenship, but Southern states circumvented these laws. The U.S. shifted from a farm-based economy to an industrial economy. Industrialization led to urbanization. The U.S. was the world’s richest nation but 9 percent of Americans owned 71 percent of the wealth. Conditions for worker were poor. The U.S. expanded to acquire Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

The United States The Second Industrial Revolution A farm-based economy shifted to an industrial one. Industrialization led to urbanization, with the growth of huge cities. American steel and iron production became best in the world. Nine percent of Americans owned 71 percent of country's wealth. Many workers tried to unionize their workplaces, but only a small percentage succeeded.

Otto von Bismarck ( ) From a class of aristocratic Prussian landowners known as Junkers. Under his leadership, Prussia won a series of European wars that united the German states under Prussian rule. He became a national hero. In 1871, when King William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German kaiser, Bismarck became chancellor of this new German empire. After he became chancellor, he forged alliances (Triple Alliance: Germany – Austria-Hungary – Italy) against France and introduced administrative and economic reforms. The empire also built up its industries and established colonies in Africa and the Pacific.

International Rivalries A Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy defensively against France. Germany maintained a separate treaty with Russia. Germany dropped its treaty with Russia, and the Triple Entente formed—an alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Russians supported Serbian opposition against the annexation. Tensions increased between Germany and Russia over the issue.

Williams II fires Bismarck, 1890
Identify the individuals: Bismarck – William II – Germany What is William II holding? Doll made of bombs Symbolizes socialism Why does Germany look the way she does? Worried over the firing What is Bismarck doing? I’m leaving (gesture of the hat) Williams II fires Bismarck, 1890

New Directions: William II Dedicated to enhancing Germany’s power Drops the treaty with Russia France formed an alliance with Russia Germany surrounded by hostile powers: Western border – France and Eastern border – Russia Exactly the situation Bismarck had feared!

New Directions: William II Discuss the next decade: Britain draws closer to France 1907 — the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia) — stood opposed to the Triple Alliance. Europe was now dangerously divided into two opposing camps unwilling to compromise.

Crises in the Balkans In the 1800s, the Ottoman Empire began to fall apart. Discuss the Balkan provinces: Gained their freedom Austria-Hungary and Russia wants the Balkans Thus: This rivalry over the Balkans was one of the causes of World War I.

Crises in the Balkans Bosnia and Herzegovina were placed under the protection of Austria-Hungary What’s next? The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina led to an international controversy Europe was on the verge of war.

Mass Society and Democracy – modern ideas and uncertainty
The Culture of Modernity Modernism

Literature Discuss the views of writers: Naturalist style: Believed literature should be realistic and address social problems. Henrik Ibsen and Émile Zola explored: Role of women in society – Alcoholism – Urban slums Symbolist writers: The external world a collection of symbols reflecting the human mind Art should function for its own sake, not criticize or seek to understand society

Painting and Architecture Discuss the views of artists: Impressionism and Postimpressionism moved away from realism to explore light, color, and nature. Monet and van Gogh both painted using new forms of expression Photography – George Eastman – Kodak camera in 1888 Pablo Picasso: Cubism and abstract art focused on the creation of reality through geometric shapes, line, and color Wassily Kandinsky: abstract - art should speak directly to the soul.

Uncertainty Grows Discuss the views of artists: Marie Curie discovered the element radium, which gave off energy from within an atom. This discovery suggested that atoms were not material bodies, but small, active worlds. Albert Einstein theory of relativity stated that space and time were not absolute but were relative to the observer. Sigmund Freud proposed theories regarding the human mind, which led to the field of psychoanalysis.

1896 developed techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes (atoms with the same atomic number but different physical properties) Discovered the elements polonium and radium In 1903, Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, sharing the award with her husband and Becquerel In 1911, Marie alone won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Marie curie ( )

Theory of Relativity Asserted that distance and time must be relative, depending on the observer. In 1921, Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics. When the Nazi Party took over Germany in 1933, Einstein moved to the United States. During World War II, Einstein supported the construction of nuclear weapons to defeat the Nazis. Albert Einstein ( )

Austrian neuropsychologist (a scientist who combines the study of behavior with knowledge of the nervous system) who founded psychoanalysis. Freud developed the theory that mental disorders might be caused by psychological factors instead of by strictly physical factors. Freud and collaborators developed such concepts as the unconscious mind, resistance (defense mechanisms), and neurosis (anxiety). Human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal forces of which people were largely unaware. Repression of such experiences began in childhood Promoted exploration of repressed thoughts to promote mental healing Sigmund Freud ( )

Extreme Nationalism Social Darwinism was the belief that Darwin’s theory of natural selection could be applied to human societies based on the argument that only the fittest nations would survive. Social Darwinism was used to justify racism and anti- Semitism based on the argument that some peoples were superior to others. Anti-Semitism and persecution in Russia caused some Jews to immigrate to Palestine, which became home for a Jewish nationalist movement called Zionism.

Extreme Nationalism Social Darwinism and Racism Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer's application of the theory of natural selection to modern human societies "the survival of the fittest"—that is, the strong advanced while the weak declined Used to justify Western dominance in the late nineteenth century Used by extreme nationalists to justify war as survival of "fittest" nations Used to justify racism, or the belief that some peoples were superior to others

Extreme Nationalism Anti-Semitism and Zionism Prevalent in Europe since the Middle Ages, hostility toward Jews increased in the late 1800s. To win votes, political parties in Germany and Austria- Hungary blamed problems on Jews. Persecution and pogroms—organized massacres of Jews— were widespread in Russia. To escape persecution, about 25,000 Jews moved to Palestine, the land of ancient Israel. This brought about Zionism, a movement for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Mass Society and Democracy – Modern ideas and uncertainty
What do you Recall? What were Monet and van Gogh’s commonality? Painted using new forms of expression The concept that space and time are relative to the observer, was whose theory? Albert Einstein What was Einstein’s theory called? Theory of Relativity.

What do you Recall? Who stated that human experience was strongly determined by past experiences? Sigmund Freud Specific which he claimed that human behavior was ruled by Repressed childhood experiences.

What do you Recall? Jews emigrated to Palestine to escape persecution started what? The Zionist movement

What do you Recall? What countries were in the Triple Entente? Great Britain – Russia – France A result of the Second Industrial Revolution put the wealth of America in The hands of a few 9% owned 71% of the country’s wealth.

What do you Recall? What caused two hostile alliances that would not compromise? Policies of William II What was William II’s main focus (dedication)? Enhancing Germany’s power.

Industrialization and nationalism – Romanticism and realism
What do you Recall? Urban Populations grew because Cities advanced and had clean water and sanitation Who made up the wealthy elite? Industrialists – Bankers – Merchants What does advocate mean when discussed with suffrage? To support Suffrage? Right to Vote

What do you Recall? What was a primary goal of public education and universal education? Create a more patriotic citizen Create a better-educated voter What caused people’s lives to be divided into periods of work and leisure? Industrialization

What do you Recall? What innovations opened up new industrial frontiers during the Second Industrial Revolution? Steel – Chemicals – Electricity – Petroleum What did the assembly line accomplish? Efficient Mass Production of Goods

What do you Recall? What was the cause of the rise of the automobile? Invention of the internal combustion engine What were the Marxists Revisionists beliefs? Use democracy to achieve their goals

What do you Recall? What did Louis Pasteur propose? Germ theory of disease What did the works of authors like, Flaubert and Dickens criticize? Nineteenth-century life Interests in ______ was increased due to the industrial revolution. Scientific research

Industrialization and nationalism – Nation Building in Latin America
What do you Recall? Where did Revolutionary Latin American leaders gain their inspiration? The American Revolution What did Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar do for South America’s independence? Led movements against Spain

Industrialization and nationalism – Nation Building in Latin America
What do you Recall? What did the Monroe Doctrine declare? Nobody could colonize/intervene in the Americas (Latin America) Why was Latin American countries dependent on foreigners for manufactured goods? Economy was focused on exporting cash crops

Industrialization and nationalism – nationalism, unification, reform
What do you Recall? In America, Federalist and Republicans disagreed about? Central Government’s strength What threatened the unity of the America in the mid- 1800s? Slavery What was Abolitionism? Movement to do away with Slavery

Industrialization and nationalism – nationalism, unification, reform
What do you Recall? What were the effects of the Crimean War? Destroyed the Concert of Europe Two kingdoms that achieved unification in the mid-1800s. Italy and Germany Who were two leaders of Italian unification? Cavour and Garibaldi

Industrialization and nationalism – nationalism and political revolutions
What do you Recall? What sparked the revolutionary outbursts in Europe in the 1830s and 1840s? Attitudes of Nationalism Who overthrew Charles X and replaced him with Louis- Philippe? French Liberals Why? Change the government – Constitutional Monarchy

Industrialization and nationalism – Industrial revolution
What do you Recall? What did the factory do to society and the way people worked? Regular hours Repeating (Reputation) work What social change was brought about by the Industrial Revolution? New Classes Middle Class and Working Class

Industrialization and nationalism – Industrial revolution
What do you Recall? What was key to the full mechanization of the English textile industry? Improvements to the Steam Engine Industrialization spread rapidly in Europe and America because of Railroads

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