1. Notes about writing your notes!
1. Highlight the Unit Title and essential question of your notes in one color.
2. Highlight the questions throughout your notes in another color.
3. Skip lines between the questions.
4. You don’t have to write word for word!

2. Unit Title Essential Questions Questions under Essential Questions

3. Unit 1: The Gilded Age and Industrialization of the United States PowerPoint #1

4. Daily Essential Questions:
How did industrialization and new technology affect the United States’ economy and society?
How did big business affect the American economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
3. Why did labor unions begin? Why were they unsuccessful in the late 1800s?

5. EQ #1 - How did industrialization and new technology affect the United States’ economy and society?

6. What were the causes of the “Second Industrial Revolution” in the US?
Civil War – Encouraged innovation and railroads expanded. Led to growth of cities.
Natural Resources – The US had resources including oil!
Growing Workforce – Immigrants worked for low wages.
New Business Practices–spurred economic growth. – such as laissez faire – means hands off - minimal govt. regulation
Government Policies – Helped businesses – ex: protective tariffs to encourage the buying of American goods.

7. How did Railroads Change America?
Growth of Cities
Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Atlanta became more populated.
Transcontinental Railroad
Encouraged Innovation
Air brakes invented.
Refrigerated cars invented
Time zones were set.
Improved Industry
Led to Mass Production
Businesses obtained raw materials easily.
They sold products to people far away.

8. How did Railroads Change America?
Growth of Cities
Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Atlanta became more populated.
Transcontinental Railroad
Encouraged Innovation
Air brakes invented.
Refrigerated cars invented
Time zones were set.
Improved Industry
Led to Mass Production
Businesses obtained raw materials easily.
They sold products to people far away.

9. Why were time zones important?

10. How did Railroads Change America?
Growth of Cities
Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Atlanta became more populated.
Transcontinental Railroad
Encouraged Innovation
Air brakes invented.
Refrigerated cars invented
Time zones were set.
Improved Industry
Led to Mass Production
Businesses obtained raw materials easily.
They sold products to people far away.

11. Chicago, Atlanta, and Pittsburgh became important hubs.
Railroads in 1905
Chicago, Atlanta, and Pittsburgh became important hubs. 11

12. What major inventions impacted the economy and society?
Major Inventions of the 1800s
Inventor
Major invention
Year
Samuel Morse **
Telegraph** – led to a communications revolution!
1844
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
1876
Elias Howe
Sewing machine
1846
Elisha Otis
Safety elevator
1852
Thomas Edison **
Light bulb** (and other stuff like the phonograph)
1880
Granville Woods
Steam boiler
1884
Henry Bessemer, William Kelly
Bessemer Process** - which purified iron to create steel -made skyscrapers and suspension bridges possible.
Thomas Edison 3min
How would these make life better?

13. What major inventions impacted the economy and society?
Major Inventions of the 1800s
Inventor
Major invention
Year
Samuel Morse **
Telegraph** – led to a communications revolution!
1844
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
1876
Elias Howe
Sewing machine
1846
Elisha Otis
Safety elevator
1852
Thomas Edison **
Light bulb** (and other stuff like the phonograph)
1880
Granville Woods
Steam boiler
1884
Henry Bessemer, William Kelly
Bessemer Process** - which purified iron to create steel -made skyscrapers and suspension bridges possible.
Thomas Edison 3min
How would these make life better?

14. Lunch atop a skyscraper: workers on the Empire State Building construction.

15. How did steel change the US?
The Flatiron Building going up in New York City
How did steel change the US?

16. EQ #2
2. How did big business affect the American economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

17. Who were the Big Business Tycoons of the Late 1800s? ***
Business leader
Industry
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil
4min
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie Steel
5min
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Railroads
J.P. Morgan
Banking & eventually buys Carnegie Steel to form US Steel

18. Who were the Big Business Tycoons of the Late 1800s? ***
Business leader
Industry
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil
4min
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie Steel
5min
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Railroads
(Vanderbilt University, Gloria Vanderbilt, Biltmore Estates)
J.P. Morgan
Banking & eventually buys Carnegie Steel to form US Steel
(JP Morgan Chase is an investment firm that still exists today.)

19. Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?
or “captains of industry” who served the nation, made better products, and lowered the prices of goods?
Were the tycoons “robber barons” who cheated the poor and drove small businesses under . . .

20. Robber Barons?
Captains of Industry?
Drained natural resources.
Got the govt. to interpret laws in their favor.
Drove competitors out of business.
Paid low wages.
Provided dangerous or unhealthy working conditions.
Increased the supply of goods by building factories.
Improved productivity (made stuff better, faster, and cheaper).
Created jobs and improved the standard of living for many Americans.
Philanthropists – donated millions of dollars to create new libraries, schools, and museums – many still exist today. (Vanderbilt Univ., Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Institute)

21. Horizontal integration - Standard Oil - took over small oil refineries
What strategies did corporations use to eliminate competition and decrease costs?
Monopolies –only one supplier, no competition, able to pay lower prices for raw materials
Horizontal integration - Standard Oil - took over small oil refineries
Vertical integration – Carnegie Steel – took over all stages of production
Formed Trusts – firms that combine to reduce competition and control prices. 21

22. You will make a t-chart for Rockefeller and Carnegie
You will make a t-chart for Rockefeller and Carnegie. As you watch the video clips fill out the chart.
Robber Baron
Captain of Industry
- Rock
- Carnegie

23. https://www. youtube. com/watch
Rockefeller – 6 min biased toward Capt of Industry Carnegie - philanthropist

24. What company does this cartoon depict?
Is this vertical or horizontal integration?

25. Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy
Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy. Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903.
“The Gospel of Wealth” – the wealthy must help those who want to help themselves.

26. What is Social Darwinism?
Social Darwinism uses the Theory of Survival of the Fittest to Defend Big Business and Laissez-Faire
In other words applying Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution of species
to American business and capitalism.
So, Social Darwinism is…
the belief that wealth was a measure of a person’s value and those who had wealth were the most “fit.”

27. How did the federal government
begin to regulate business and limit their power?
ICC
Interstate Commerce Commission
oversaw railroad operations – first federal organization set up to regulate business. Tried to ensure fair practices.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Passed by the Senate in 1890
Outlawed trusts that operated “in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states”

28. How did the federal government
begin to regulate business and limit their power?
ICC
Interstate Commerce Commission
oversaw railroad operations – first federal organization set up to regulate business. Tried to ensure fair practices.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Passed by the Senate in 1890
Outlawed trusts that operated “in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states”

29. Daily EQ
3. Why did labor unions begin? Why were they unsuccessful in the late 1800s?

30. What problems did workers face in the late 1800s?
Low wages.
Worked in unhealthy conditions - sweatshops.
Overworked, 6-7 days 12 hours
Lived in company towns and had to buy goods at high interest at company stores.
This leads to…
Collective Bargaining, Strikes, Labor Unions
 Photographs by Lewis W. Hine

31. Urban factory work was a major occupation of native-born migrants from the countryside as well as immigrants.  Sixty-four percent of Boston’s female industrial workforce was immigrant in 1860.  Women workers performed the same unskilled jobs in urban mills as in the rural mills, and were paid much less than men, who often performed skilled jobs.  In Philadelphia in the 1830s, mill women made an average of $2.25 per week compared to men’s average weekly earnings of $6.50-$7.00.  exhibits/industry/4.htm 31

33. What were the goals and strategies of different
Labor Unions?
Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay.
Knights of Labor
First national labor union, founded in 1870s.
Pushed for 8 hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and end to child labor.
Skilled and unskilled workers.
Declined in 1890s.
American Federation of Labor
Organized individual national unions, such as mine-workers’ and steelworkers’ unions
Only skilled workers
Used collective bargaining and strikes.

34. What is socialism and how did it impact labor unions?
The belief that wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.
Most Americans rejected socialism, and Labor Unions weren’t socialist organizations but some labor activists borrowed ideas from it to support social reform like demonstrations and strikes for more rights.
Because the general public believed that unions were socialistic, that belief hurt the effectiveness of unions in the late 1800s. (In general people did not like unions!)
Socialism vs. Capitalism 2min 34

35. The 1886 Haymarket Riot made many Americans wary of labor unions.

37. What are four main examples of labor strikes?
1. Great Strike – 1877
Railroad workers in multiple locations upset about wage cuts responded with violence.
President Hayes sent in federal troops to stop it.
Significance: Employers and Businesses could get the govt. to help them deal with striking workers. ***
"A Steeple-View of the Pittsburgh Conflagation"; engraving showing the burning of Union Depot and Pennsylvania Railroad yards, Pittsburgh, PA during Great railroad strike of 1877
2min

38. Erupted between protesters and police in Chicago.
2. Haymarket Riot
Erupted between protesters and police in Chicago.
Resulted in decline of Knights of Labor.
Made many Americans not like labor unions.
3. Homestead Strike
Strike occurred at Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
Resulting fight left workers and Pinkerton guards dead.
4. Pullman Strike
Began with workers who made Pullman train cars…stopped RR traffic and mail delivery.
Federal troops stopped strike. ***
Leader Eugene V. Debs sent to jail. (He becomes a socialist after the strike)
5min
Labor Day/Pullman Strike – 3min
5min Homestead Strike