1. Chapter 17: Reaction and Revolution
I. Search for Stability

2. Grand Alliance
Britain
Austria
Prussia
Russia

3. Congress of Vienna Rulers and diplomats
Most negotiations done in small or secret meetings

4. Congress of Vienna Major figures:
Lord Castlereagh, foreign minister of Britain
Alexander I, czar of Russia
Prince Klemens von Metternich, Austrian minister of foreign affairs

5. Congress of Vienna Major figures:
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, new foreign minister of France
Able to secure favorable settlement for France

6. Congress of Vienna Redrawing the Map of Europe
Safeguards Against France
Reducing its boundaries
Indemnities
Buffered by strong powers

7. Congress of Vienna Redrawing the Map of Europe
Restoration of Legitimate Rulers
Napoleon had put some of his relatives on European thrones
Louis XVIII

8. Congress of Vienna Redrawing the Map of Europe Grants of Compensation
Additional territory
Balance of Power

9. Congress of Vienna Final Settlement at Vienna
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo
Redrawing of the map
Explosive precedent

10. Concert of Europe Establishing the Alliance System
Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain
Quintuple Alliance once France joined
“Congress system”

11. Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System
Conservatives were back in power
Spirit of revolution and democratic reform still alive

12. Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System
Suppressed Revolts in Spain and Italy
Briefly successful

13. Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System
Weakness of the Congress System
Latin American colonies
British objections
Monroe Doctrine
National interests

14. Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System
Success of the Greek Revolt
Turkish massacres
Britain, Russia, and France defeated Turkish forces
Treaty of Adrianople

15. New Phases of Revolution
Liberalism
Individual rights
Personal freedoms
Democratic reforms
Supported by middle class
Lower classes often wanted faster change

16. New Phases of Revolution
Nationalism
Seeking independence
Ethnic interests
Italian and German states
Discontent with the old order

17. New Phases of Revolution
Revolts of the 1830s
Louis XVIII
Charles X
July Revolution
Charles X fled
Louis Philippe chosen as the new king
Ignited other revolts in Europe

18. New Phases of Revolution
Revolts of the 1830s
Belgium
Declared independence
Treaty of London
Rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia forcefully suppressed uprisings

19. New Phases of Revolution
Revolts of 1848
Resentment remained among lower classes
Began in Paris
Rioting and barricades
Louis Philippe fled
Second French Republic
“June Days”

20. New Phases of Revolution
Revolts of 1848
Louis Napoleon
1852 coup d’état
Emperor Napoleon III
Austria
Metternich forced to resign
Franz Josef I crushed revolts

21. New Phases of Revolution
Revolts of 1848
Russia
Czar Nicholas I
“Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationalism”
Russification

22. New Phases of Revolution
Failure of the Revolts
Most ended in failure
Governments oppressed subjects
Some citizens threw off all restraints

23. Chapter 17: Reaction and Revolution
II. Triumph of Nationalism

24. Triumph of Nationalism
Realpolitik
The politics of reality
Any means necessary to advance national goals

25. Crimean War Britain, France, and Sardinia against Russia
Czar Nicholas tried to provoke war with Turks
Russia defeated
Ottoman Empire kept from being destroyed

26. Nationalism Italian Unification Risorgimento Giuseppe Mazzini
Count Camillo di Cavour
Prime minister of Sardinia
Allied with Napoleon III
Lombardy
Subsequent revolts

27. Nationalism Italian Unification Giuseppe Garibaldi Victor Emmanuel II
“Red Shirts”
Conquered Sicily, Naples, and much of southern Italian mainland
Victor Emmanuel II
Kingdom of Italy

28. Nationalism German Unification Zollverein Otto von Bismarck
Devoted to realpolitik
Became chancellor of Prussia
War with Denmark and Austria
Schleswig and Holstein

29. Nationalism German Unification Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War
Won quickly by Prussia
Franco-Prussian War
Throne of Spain
France quickly defeated
Kaiser Wilhelm I becomes emperor of German Reich

30. Reforms in Austria and Russia
The Dual Monarchy
Hungarians made equal partners within the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Ruled by Franz Josef I

31. Reforms in Austria and Russia
Russia under Alexander II
Alexander II implemented some social reforms
Harsh policies returned under Alexander III

32. Chapter 17: Reaction and Revolution
III. Protest of Romanticism

33. Romanticism Reaction against: Restraint of the Age of Reason
Violence of French Revolution
Repression following Napoleonic Wars
Harsh working conditions

34. Romanticism in Literature
Longing for Distant Lands and Distant Past
Sir Walter Scott
Ivanhoe
Victor Hugo
The Hunchback of Notre Dame

35. Romanticism in Literature
Longing for Distant Lands and Distant Past
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
“Kubla Khan”
“Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

36. Romanticism in Literature
Fascination with the Supernatural and Mysterious
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
German fairy tales
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Faust

37. Romanticism in Literature
Fascination with the Supernatural and Mysterious
Edgar Allan Poe
“The Raven”
“The Fall of the House of Usher”

38. Romanticism in Literature
Glorification of the Noble Savage
Man is at his best in a primitive environment
American Indians
James Fenimore Cooper
The Last of the Mohicans

39. Romanticism in Literature
Emphasis on Nature
William Wordsworth
His philosophy

40. Romanticism in Literature
Love of Freedom
Rebellion against constraints of society
George Gordon, Lord Byron
Percy Bysshe Shelley
“Queen Mab”

41. Romanticism in Literature
Pride of Nationalism
Aleksandr Pushkin
Founder of modern Russian literature

42. Romanticism in Music Different from the Classical Age New instruments
Nationalism
Many countries had a national composer

43. Romanticism in Music Ludwig van Beethoven
Bridged gap between classical and romantic music
Teacher: Haydn

44. Romanticism in Music Composers of piano music Frédéric Chopin
Polish
Franz Liszt
Hungarian Rhapsodies
Accomplished pianist

45. Romanticism in Music Composers of orchestral music
Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky
Symphonies, ballets, overtures
Nutcracker
1812 Overture
Johannes Brahms

46. Romanticism in Music Composers of opera Giuseppe Verdi Richard Wagner
Associated with resurgence of Italian nationalism
Richard Wagner
Nationalistic flavor
Motifs

47. Romanticism in Art Use of bright colors Subject matter French painters
Jacques-Louis David
Eugène Delacroix
Liberty Leading the People

48. Romanticism in Art English painters John Constable J. M. W. Turner
Landscape paintings
Greens
J. M. W. Turner
Landscapes and seascapes
Yellows and oranges