1. Organelles: Structure & Function

2. Organelles: Structure & Function

3. Cell/Plasma Membrane Function: Controls what enters & exits the cell.
Structure: Phospholipid bilayer

4. Nucleus Function: Controls everything in the cell
Structure: Contains DNA/chromosomes
Enclosed by a porous double membrane called the nuclear membrane.

5. Nucleolus Function: Takes RNA and makes ribosomes
Structure: Dense region inside the nucleus

6. Ribosomes
Function: Links together amino acids to make proteins (that means enzymes too!)
Structure: Tiny organelles made of proteins & RNA. Found on Rough ER
UC Santa Cruz scientists have for the first time taken a detailed picture, using x-ray crystallography, of a complete ribosome, the small cellular component which translates genetic information into proteins. The bacterial ribosome is composed of three different RNA molecules and more than 50 different proteins arranged in two major subunits, which join together to form the complete ribosome. During protein synthesis, the ribosome binds transfer RNA molecules in three different sites. In this image of the ribosome with transfer RNAs in all three binding sites, the large subunit is gray, the small subunit is violet, and the three transfer RNAs are green, blue, and red.

7. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“. Site of protein synthesis; makes more ER
Structure: Thin folded membranes that are connected together.
HAS ribosomes

8. Vesicle
Membrane-bound containers that carry substances throughout the cell

9. Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex
Function: Checks, modifies & packages proteins
Structure: Closely layered stacks of membrane enclosed discs
the Golgi receives newly made proteins and lipids from the ER, puts the finishing touches on them, addresses them, and sends them to their final destinations. One of the places these molecules can end up is in lysosomes.

10. the Golgi receives newly made proteins and lipids from the ER, puts the finishing touches on them, addresses them, and sends them to their final destinations. One of the places these molecules can end up is in lysosomes.

11. Lysosome
Function: Breaks down food, waste & damaged cell parts all within the cell
Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound

12. Peroxisome Function: Protects cell from toxins, especially H2O2.
Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound

13. Vacuole Function: stores materials for cell
Structure: fluid filled sacs; small in animal cells; large in plant cells

14. Plastids Function: Storage sacs in plant cells only!
Structure: 3 different types

15. Plastids Leucoplast – stores starch in roots & stems
Chromoplast – stores the orange/yellow pigment
3.Chloroplast- stores the green pigment/ site of photosynthesis

16. Chloroplast
Function: Uses sunlight to create food, photosynthesis (only found in green plants & algae)
Structure: 3 membranes; bean shaped; contains chlorophyll (green pigment)

17. Mitochondria
Function: Supplies energy to the cell; site of cellular respiration; ‘powerhouse’ of cell
Structure: Bean shaped; 2 membranes; has own DNA & ribosomes

18. Chloroplast & Mitochondria
Both have: more than 1 membrane
‘Powerhouse’ of their cells
Contain their own DNA
Reproduce independently of the cell
Were they once free-living prokaryotic cells?!

19. Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Function: Hold organelles in place & site for chemical reactions
Structure: Jelly – like substance between the area of the nucleus & cell membrane

20. Cytoskeleton Function: Supports & shapes the cell
Structure: A network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments)
The three fibers of the cytoskeleton–microtubules in blue, intermediate filaments in red, and actin in green–play countless roles in the cell.

21. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“. Also makes lipids; breaks down toxins such as drugs/alcohol
Structure: Thin folded membranes that are connected together.
No ribosomes
a series of large, flattened membranes that fold back and forth on each other and have a very large surface area. This collection of membranes is called the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, or ER.
The ER stretches from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. It serves as a pathway through the cytoplasm, as a support structure for the attachment of other organelles, and as a workstation for the ribosomes. The ER can be divided into two parts: the rough ER and the smooth ER.
The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and provides a surface along which the process of protein assembly can occur. The smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is much more tubular in appearance. In some human cells, the smooth ER produces steroids; in others it regulates calcium levels. In a process that scientists still don't understand, the rough ER manufactures the membranes of the smooth ER.

22. Centrosome/Centrioles
Function: Helps the cell divide
Structure: Small region of cytoplasm, made up of microtubules; pair of centrioles

23. Flagellum (flagella = plural)
Tail used for movement

24. Cilium (cilia = plural)
Tiny hair-like projections on cell exterior used
For movement and gathering food