1. Bell Work #31 What is a star’s absolute magnitude?
A measure of the amount of light given off by a star
2. What is a star’s apparent magnitude?
A measure of the amount of light received on Earth from a star
3. How long is a light year?
Distance that light travels in 1 year
4. What is the sun’s photosphere?
The lowest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere and layer that gives off light
5. What is the chromosphere?
The layer above the photosphere that extends upward about 2000 km

2. Bell Work #32
1. A ______ ________occurs when the Moon is directly in-between the Sun and Earth, blocking the Sun’s light casting a shadow over a certain area on Earth.
solar eclipse
2. A ________ _________occurs when Earth is directly in-between the Sun and the Moon, blocking the Sun’s light so that Earth’s shadow hits the Moon casting a shadow over the Moon.
lunar eclipse
3. When the Sun and the Moon are aligned the high tides are higher and the low tides are lower; these are called _________ __________.
spring tides
4.  As the Moon orbits Earth, the waters of Earth closest to the Moon bulge outward toward the Moon; this bulge is the _______ _______. Another high tide occurs on the opposite side of Earth.
high tide
5. If the tilt of Earth is away from the Sun, there is a shorter length of day, the season is _______.
winter

3. BW 33
Earliest life forms were influenced by the forming atmosphere and oceans of Earth as well as______ activity and mountain building.
volcanic
Life on land developed and flourished in the tropical climates, but many life forms became_____ at the end of the Paleozoic Era – fish and reptiles still survived.
extinct
As reptiles, early birds, and mammals thrived during the Mesozoic Era, it too came to an end with____ ________, including the dinosaur species; possibly due to a world-wide impact catastrophe and climate change.
mass extinctions
The_______ Era continues to allow life-forms to develop and thrive even though climatic changes during the ice ages threatened many species.
Cenozoic
5. ______are divided into periods.
Eras

4. Bell Work # 34 What is the shortest day of year called?
Winter Solstice (December 21)
2. What is a permineralized fossil?
One in which the softer parts have decayed on a living thing and the mineralized water has saturated it and left the minerals behind turning into “stone”.
3. When is the longest day of year?
June 21st
4. What is the Latin meaning of Equinox?
Equal Night
5. What is a decimeter?
1/10 a meter

5. BW# 35
A _____ fossil forms when sediments bury an organism and the sediments change into rock; the organism decays leaving a cavity in the shape of the organism.
mold
A _____ fossil forms when a mold is filled with sand or mud that hardens into the shape of the organism.
cast
A ______fossil forms when minerals soak into the buried remains, replacing the remains, and changing them into rock.
petrified
A _____fossil forms when entire organisms or parts of organisms are trapped in ice, tar, or amber and are prevented from decaying.
preserved
A______ fossil forms when organisms, like leaves, stems, flowers, fish are pressed between layers of soft mud or clay that hardens squeezing almost all the decaying organism away leaving the carbon imprint in the rock.
carbonized

6. #36 Bell work 8th Grade What is an epoch?
the next level of time division below periods
2. During what era did vertebrates show up?
Paleozoic era
3. What era did reptiles appear?
Mesozoic era
4. What is known as the age of the mammals?
cenozoic
5. How many meters are in a hectometer?
100

7. BW # 37 What tide is there when there is a new moon? Spring Tide
What is relative dating?
When two things are compared to see which one is older. Used in Geology
3. What is absolute dating?
Having an exact age of something
What is a rock that has fallen from outer space hitting the surface of a planet?
meteorite
What is the phase of the moon between waning crescent and waxing crescent?
New Moon

8. Bell Work 38
1. Knowing the exact age of a rock is known as ________ dating. Absolute 2. The gaseous planets are __________________. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 3. When the alignment is moon, earth, sun, what type of eclipse has occurred? Lunar eclipse 4. When there is a gap in the biological record, it is known as an ___. unconformity 5. If there is a fault in layers of soil, the fault is younger or older than the layers it cuts. Younger

9. 39 Bell Work The middle layer and thickest layer of the Earth. mantle
2. The top portion of the mantle is called the _____.
asthenosphere
3.______increases with depth because of increasing pressure.
Density
4. Hot softened rock contains _____ and magnesium.
Iron
The _____is the inner layer; it consists of two parts, the outer core and the inner core.
core

10. BW# 40
A _____ fossil forms when sediments bury an organism and the sediments change into rock; the organism decays leaving a cavity in the shape of the organism.
mold
A _____ fossil forms when a mold is filled with sand or mud that hardens into the shape of the organism.
cast
A ______fossil forms when minerals soak into the buried remains, replacing the remains, and changing them into rock.
petrified
A _____fossil forms when entire organisms or parts of organisms are trapped in ice, tar, or amber and are prevented from decaying.
preserved
A______ fossil forms when organisms, like leaves, stems, flowers, fish are pressed between layers of soft mud or clay that hardens squeezing almost all the decaying organism away leaving the carbon imprint in the rock.
carbonized